Abstract
Climate change-driven ocean warming is increasing the frequency and severity of bleaching events, in which corals appear whitened after losing their dinoflagellate endosymbionts (family Symbiodiniaceae). Viral infections of Symbiodiniaceae may contribute to some bleaching signs, but little empirical evidence exists to support this hypothesis. We present the first temporal analysis of a lineage of Symbiodiniaceae-infecting positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses (“dinoRNAVs”) in coral colonies, which were exposed to a 5-day heat treatment (+2.1 °C). A total of 124 dinoRNAV major capsid protein gene “aminotypes” (unique amino acid sequences) were detected from five colonies of two closely related Pocillopora-Cladocopium (coral-symbiont) combinations in the experiment; most dinoRNAV aminotypes were shared between the two coral-symbiont combinations (64%) and among multiple colonies (82%). Throughout the experiment, seventeen dinoRNAV aminotypes were found only in heat-treated fragments, and 22 aminotypes were detected at higher relative abundances in heat-treated fragments. DinoRNAVs in fragments of some colonies exhibited higher alpha diversity and dispersion under heat stress. Together, these findings provide the first empirical evidence that exposure to high temperatures triggers some dinoRNAVs to switch from a persistent to a productive infection mode within heat-stressed corals. Over extended time frames, we hypothesize that cumulative dinoRNAV production in the Pocillopora-Cladocopium system could affect colony symbiotic status, for example, by decreasing Symbiodiniaceae densities within corals. This study sets the stage for reef-scale investigations of dinoRNAV dynamics during bleaching events.
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Data availability
All mcp gene amplicon libraries and the 5 metatranscriptomes have been deposited to the Sequence Read Archive under accession PRJNA778019.
Code availability
Code used to generate these results is available at https://github.com/CorreaLab/Pocillopora-dinoRNAVs.
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Acknowledgements
The authors express their sincere appreciation to Kira Turnham and Dr. Todd LaJeunesse for resolving coral and Symbiodiniaceae species in this study, and to Drs. Rebecca L. Vega Thurber, Andrew R Thurber, and Craig E. Nelson for discussions and logistical support related to the experiment. Many thanks to Rebecca L. Maher and J. Grace Klinges for help with sampling, and to Dennis Conetta for assistance with DNA and RNA extractions. We additionally thank Mark Dasenko at Oregon State University’s Center for Genome Research & Biocomputing (Corvallis, OR) for his support in designing the sequencing methods. Lastly, we also thank two reviewers and editors for their suggestions and comments that improved the manuscript. Financial support was provided by a Sigma-Xi Grant-in-aid of Research to C.G., a U.S. National Science Foundation award (OCE #1635798) to AMSC. and an Early-Career Research Fellowship (#2000009651) from the Gulf Research Program of the National Academies of Sciences to AMSC.
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CG, LHK and AC conceived of the experiment; CG, LHK, and AJV developed the methods with support from AC; CG, LHK, RB, and AC conducted the experiments and processed samples; CG led data analysis, with contributions by all authors; CG wrote the first draft of the manuscript, with contributions by all authors.
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Grupstra, C.G.B., Howe-Kerr, L.I., Veglia, A.J. et al. Thermal stress triggers productive viral infection of a key coral reef symbiont. ISME J 16, 1430–1441 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-022-01194-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-022-01194-y
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