Fig. 5: Genomic signatures of Clostridia belonging to the small genome clade.

A Phylogenomic tree of bacteria belonging to “Acutalibacteraceae” based on concatenated amino acid sequences of single-copy marker genes. Maximum likelihood tree was constructed using the LG+F+I+G4 amino acid substitution model and rooted with Syntrophomonas wolfei (GCF_000014725.1) and Thermosyntropha lipolytica (GCF_900129805.1) as the outgroup. Highly supported nodes (SH-aLRT value ≥ 80% and ultrafast bootstrap support value ≥ 95%) are indicated with a closed circle. The small genome clade is magnified, and the genus-level clades based on GTDB r207 and distribution of ATP/ADP translocase (TlcC) and eukaryotic-like domains (Tables S10 and S12) are also depicted. The domains of protein-coding genes with a star were detected only in the small genome clade among “Acutalibacteraceae” genomes. B Relationships between genome size (or total contig lengths of draft genomes) and GC content. C Principal component analysis of genomes based on the distribution patterns of the COG functional categories. Genomes of the small genome clade are highlighted in red in (B) and (C).