Table 2 Neurochemical changes comparing the PTSD cohort with a healthy age-matched cohort (mean ± SD) in the posterior cingulate cortex identified with 2D L-COSY

From: Post-traumatic stress disorder affects fucose-α(1–2)-glycans in the human brain: preliminary findings of neuro deregulation using in vivo two-dimensional neuro MR spectroscopy

Metabolite

Control

PTSD

Average chemical shift (F2-F1) ppm

% Change

IMI-1

2.66 ± 0.22

3.21 ± 0.44**,a

7.07– 7.07

+12

t-fucose

5.83 ± 1.36

7.62 ± 1.34**,a

3.95–4.50 to 0.90– 1.70

+31

Fucose IV

0.46 ± 0.12

0.69 ± 0.18**,a

4.36 – 1.35

+48

Fucose VI

0.43 ± 0.09

0.61 ± 0.19*,a

4.45 – 1.35

+41

Lipid HC=CH–CH2–CH2–CH3

5.09 ± 0.55

6.38 ± 1.26**,a

1.37–1.99

+13

  1. Significance shown is derived using a 2 T Students t-tests with *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.
  2. IMI-1 imidazole from histamine, histadine, and homocarnosine
  3. aIndicates significance (P < 0.05) using Mann–Whitney U tests
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