Fig. 1: Experimental procedures and temporal dynamics of behavior indices.

a Animals were exposed to CUMS as described in the materials and methods section for 4 weeks (W1–W4) after the adaptation to a new environment for 1 week (W0). Fecal and plasma samples were collected weekly. Sugar preference rate (b), body weight (c), and behavior indices of open-field test (d–g) were recorded every week. To avoid the possible interference with CUMS modeling, tail suspension test and forced swimming test were performed not weekly but after a 4-week CUMS exposure. Student’s t tests were applied to calculate between-group statistical significance. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001. BW, body weight; CUMS, chronic unpredictable mild stress; FST, forced swimming test; OFT, open-field test; SC, sample collection; SPT, sucrose preference test; TST, tail suspension test