Fig. 1: Experimental timeline.

Pregnant dams were treated with efavirenz (EFV) (n = 4) or vehicle (n = 4) from GD1 until PND7. At GD4, plasma levels of EFV were determined 1.5 h post administration. Developmental milestones and behavior were assessed during the first 3 weeks of life (PND2–21), adolescence (PND34–35), and adulthood (PND69–70). Maternal care was monitored from PND2 until PND9. After completion of the last experiments, rats (PND73–75) were sacrificed and their brains were removed for immunohistochemistry analyses. GD gestational day, PND postnatal day