Table 1 Biopsychosocial correlates of late-life depression (LLD)
From: Psychobiological factors of resilience and depression in late life
Psychosocial factors | Resilience correlates | LLD correlates |
|---|---|---|
Temperament | Positive emotionality | Behavioral inhibition |
Attachment | Secure attachment | Insecure attachment |
Personality | Extroversion, conscientiousness, grit | Neuroticism |
Beliefs | Self-esteem, self-efficacy, mastery, growth mindset, sense of purpose | Depression-related stigma, negative attitudes about aging |
Coping | Active coping, accommodative coping, religious/spiritual practice | Passive coping |
Social factors | Social support, formal volunteering | Trauma, chronic stress, more social role "absences", loneliness |
Lifestyle factors | Physical exercise, healthy diet | Sedentary lifestyle, nutritional deficiencies, substance abuse |
Biological factors | Resilience correlates | LLD correlates |
|---|---|---|
Genetics | Val/Val allele, higher expression of mineralocorticoid receptors | Val/Met allele, APOE-4e, SLC6A4, female sex |
Neurophysiological | Higher methylation of BDNF, higher neuropeptide Y, efficient monoamine transmission | Neurodegeneration, white matter hyperintensities/vascular deficiencies, shortened telomeres, lower heart rate variability, hippocampal atrophy |
Steroid hormones | Higher dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), moderate availability of estrogens | Lower DHEA, low or very high availability of estrogens |
