Table 1 Candidate markers associated with treatment outcomes

 Short duration of untreated disease

↑

^{5,6,7,8,9,– 10}

 Early response to treatment

↑

^{9, 12,13,14,– 15}

 Lower baseline function

↓

^{21, 22, 24}

 Psychiatric comorbidity (anxiety disorders, PTSD, OCD, personality, cumulative)

↓

^{26, 40,41,42,43,44,45,– 46}

 Physical comorbidity (pain, cardiovascular, neurological, cumulative)

↓

^{47, 48, 50,51,52,53,54,55,– 56}

 Stressful life events, childhood maltreatment

↓

^{33,34,35,36,– 37}

 Treatment resistance

↓

^{28, 109}

 Low baseline hippocampal volume—sMRI

↓

^{59, 60}

 High baseline activity in the anterior cingulate cortex– fMRI, EEG, PET

↑

^{60, 70, 71}

 Microglial activation (TSPO-PET)

↓

^{80,81,– 82}

 rsfMRI in pathophysiologic regions

↓↑

⁶⁹

 Key proteins of the serotonergic system (MAO-A, SERT, 5-HT_1A)

↓↑

^{72,73,74,75,76,– 77}

 Plasma BDNF increases in response to treatment

↑

⁹³

 IL-6 decreases during treatment

↑

⁸³

 High TNFα levels after treatment

↓

⁸⁶

 High baseline CRP levels

↓

^{84, 85}

Candidate genes^a

 BDNF—Val66Met Met allele in Asians

↑

²⁰³

 SLC6A4–5-HTTLPR, l-Allele

↑

²⁰⁴