Fig. 1: Sources discovered by SBM.

Source-based morphometry revealed 10 structural networks (a–j). Regarding (a) the prefrontal network and (b) insula-temporal network, the mean Z-scores of MDD patients were significantly lower than those of HCs after Bonferroni correction (−0.305 ± 0.85 and 0.253 ± 0.82; P = 0.03 in the prefrontal network, and −0.268 ± 0.86 and 0.467 ± 0.71; P < 0.01 in the insula-temporal network). The other structural networks (c–j), which are generated from SBM analyses, showed no significant differences between MDD patients and HSs.