Table 1 Summary of comparative outcomes for measurements of blood biomarker levels.

From: Oxidative stress marker aberrations in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 87 studies (Nā€‰=ā€‰9109)

Marker

No. of studies

No. with ASD/controls

Main effect

Heterogeneity

Publication bias

Hedges g (95% CI)

Z score

P value

Q statistic

df

P value

I2 statistic

Egger intercept

P value

GSH

14

583/624

āˆ’0.885 (āˆ’1.224 to āˆ’0.546)

āˆ’5.122

<0.001

97.271

13

<0.001

86.635

āˆ’1.32259

0.76091

GSSG

10

410/506

1.053 (0.865 to 1.241)

10.992

<0.001

15.262

9

0.084

41.029

4.22184

0.02392

tGSH

6

239/247

āˆ’1.905 (āˆ’2.722 to āˆ’1.087)

āˆ’4.567

<0.001

71.317

5

<0.001

92.989

āˆ’7.806495

0.07835

GSH/GSSG

5

218/230

āˆ’1.991 (āˆ’2.792 to āˆ’1.189)

āˆ’4.866

<0.001

48.759

4

<0.001

91.796

āˆ’8.92767

0.01552

tGSH/GSSG

4

169/177

āˆ’1.822 (āˆ’2.279 to āˆ’1.365)

āˆ’7.814

<0.001

9.103

3

0.028

67.046

0.96789

0.86858

Homocysteine

24

1131/1131

0.806 (0.431 to 1.181)

4.214

<0.001

402.835

23

<0.001

94.290

5.34085

0.04937

Methionine

12

473/456

āˆ’0.580 (āˆ’0.894 to āˆ’0.265)

āˆ’3.612

<0.001

59.149

11

<.001

81.403

1.28310

0.74076

Cysteine

11

430/442

āˆ’0.718 (āˆ’1.214 to āˆ’0.221)

āˆ’2.833

0.005

117.857

10

<0.001

91.515

3.01921

0.62529

S-adenosylhomocysteine

6

238/240

0.730 (0.362 to 1.098)

3.888

<0.001

17.530

5

0.004

71.447

2.22492

0.51958

SAM/SAH

5

207/229

āˆ’1.248 (āˆ’1.839 to āˆ’0.658)

āˆ’4.144

<0.001

30.823

4

<0.001

87.022

āˆ’8.23393

0.04265

Vitamin B9

16

863/596

āˆ’0.914 (āˆ’1.529 to āˆ’0.298)

āˆ’2.910

0.004

388.379

15

<0.001

96.138

āˆ’6.46188

0.05986

Vitamin B12

16

831/655

āˆ’0.470 (āˆ’0.853 to āˆ’0.087)

āˆ’2.404

0.016

177.868

15

<0.001

91.567

āˆ’6.3824

0.02396

Vitamin D

18

1803/1472

āˆ’0.874 (āˆ’1.218 to āˆ’0.529)

āˆ’4.969

<0.001

342.876

17

<0.001

95.042

āˆ’5.56954

0.01683

Vitamin E

4

140/136

āˆ’1.580 (āˆ’3.144toāˆ’0.016)

āˆ’1.980

0.048

90.750

3

<0.001

96.694

āˆ’14.09468

0.12005

NO

3

72/70

3.118 (0.682 to 5.555)

2.509

0.012

51.5

2

<0.001

96.117

11.02569

0.11033

Ca

10

888/644

āˆ’1.138 (āˆ’2.007 to āˆ’0.269)

āˆ’2.568

0.010

446.367

9

<0.001

97.984

0.24791

0.96606

Cu

7

666/354

0.370 (0.154 to 0.586)

3.361

0.001

13.512

6

0.036

55.594

1.87409

0.41493

MDA

10

278/244

1.435 (0.622 to 2.248)

3.458

<0.001

150.596

9

<0.001

94.024

9.03332

0.00385

Glutathione peroxidase

9

233/233

āˆ’0.242 (āˆ’1.335 to 0.850)

āˆ’0.434

0.664

247.381

8

<0.001

96.766

āˆ’4.11131

0.56577

Glutathione-S-transferases

3

82/63

āˆ’0.874 (āˆ’1.878 to 0.131)

āˆ’1.705

0.088

15.960

2

<0.001

87.469

āˆ’15.42681

0.05110

Cystathionine

4

170/160

0.029 (āˆ’0.459 to 0.517)

0.117

0.907

12.718

3

0.005

76.412

āˆ’3.85774

0.40622

S-adenosylmethionine

5

211/213

āˆ’0.447 (āˆ’0.975 to 0.081)

āˆ’1.659

0.097

25.717

4

<0.001

84.446

1.74195

0.74482

Vitamin A

7

245/231

āˆ’0.120 (āˆ’0.333 to 0.094)

āˆ’1.100

0.271

26.329

6

<0.001

77.211

1.74773

0.52178

Vitamin B6

4

205/130

āˆ’1.191 (āˆ’3.249 to 0.868)

āˆ’1.134

0.257

159.088

3

<0.001

98.114

āˆ’6.87342

0.66797

Vitamin C

3

113/103

0.033 (āˆ’0.456 to 0.521)

0.131

0.896

6.501

2

0.039

69.237

āˆ’10.98625

0.30542

SOD

15

497/435

āˆ’0.410 (āˆ’0.910 to 0.089)

āˆ’1.611

0.107

178.604

14

<0.001

92.161

āˆ’2.71962

0.38952

Fe

7

610/425

0.161 (āˆ’0.312 to 0.634)

0.667

0.505

73.694

6

<0.001

91.858

9.63277

0.01165

Zn

8

741/431

āˆ’0.001 (āˆ’0.440 to 0.438)

āˆ’0.005

0.996

77.743

7

<0.001

90.996

5.59972

0.21712

Mg

6

675/483

āˆ’0.183 (āˆ’0.446 to 0.081)

āˆ’1.360

0.174

17.551

5

0.004

71.512

3.58971

0.01270

Catalase

5

152/150

āˆ’0.106 (āˆ’0.664 to 0.452)

āˆ’0.371

0.711

21.958

4

<0.001

81.784

8.28761

0.00878

Total cholesterol

4

168/170

āˆ’0.702 (āˆ’2.378 to 0.974)

āˆ’0.821

0.412

140.655

3

<0.001

97.867

āˆ’7.08445

0.93969

Triglycerides

3

95/97

0.330 (āˆ’0.429 to 1.090)

0.852

0.394

13.981

2

0.001

85.695

33.89977

0.07102

Ceruloplasmin

6

153/115

āˆ’0.190 (āˆ’0.635 to 0.255)

āˆ’0.838

0.402

15.667

5

0.007

68.087

3.21102

0.49831

Transferrin

4

112/94

āˆ’0.072 (āˆ’0.545 to 0.402)

āˆ’0.296

0.767

8.777

3

0.032

65.819

āˆ’13.81589

0.00157

Ferritin

6

717/548

0.178 (āˆ’0.147 to 0.503)

1.072

0.284

31.178

5

<0.001

83.963

5.17107

0.00305

  1. df degrees of freedom, ASD autism spectrum disorder, GSH reduced glutathione, GSSG oxidized glutathione, tGSH total glutathione, GSH/GSSG reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio, SAM/SAH S-adenosylmethionine/S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio, NO nitric oxide, Ca calcium, Cu copper, MDA malondialdehyde, SOD superoxide dismutase, Fe iron, Zn zinc, Mg magnesium.
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