Table 1 Characteristics of included studies.
From: Do nonpharmacological interventions prevent cognitive decline? a systematic review and meta-analysis
Study ID | Mean age in years | Final semple size Experimental/Control | Intervention | Follow-up | Control | Outcomes | Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Linda18 | 77.8 | 92/169 | Tai Chi | 1 year | Stretching and toning exercise | ①④ | High |
Lapiscina19 | 74.6 | 224/132 | MedDiets | 6.5 years | Low-fat control diet | ①④ | Low |
Petrelli20 | 68.9 | 16/14 | Cognitive training | 1 year | Waiting list | ①④ | High |
Kryscio21 | 67.5 | 1799/1830 | Vitamin E | 7 years | Placebo | Low | |
Sink22 | 70–89 | 743/747 | Physical activity | 2 years | Health education | ① | Low |
Edwards33 | 73.6 | 574/552 | Cognitive training | 10 years | Untreated control | ① | Low |
Shi26 | 63.9 | 81/83 | Cognitive training | 1 year | Medical treatment | ①③ | High |
DeKosky34 | 79.1 | 1448/1429 | Ginkgo biloba | 6.1 years | Placebo | ① | Low |
Lautenschlager29 | 68.6 | 69/69 | Exercise | 18-month | Education and usual care | ② | Low |
Olivia38 | 72 | 13/13 | Physical training | 3-month | Wait-list control | ② | High |
Kwok39 | 83.2 | 162/183 | Dietary support | 2 years | Regular group dietary | ④ | High |
Vanessa23 | 74 | 194/196 | Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)–rich fish oil | 2 years | Olive oil | ④ | Low |
Karin 201024 | 70 | 219/218 | Docosahexaenoic acid | 24 weeks | Placebo | ④ | Low |
Daniela25 | 69.6 | 30/30 | Cocoa flavanols | 8 weeks | Flavanol | ④ | High |
McDougall27 | 75 | 127/117 | Memory intervention | 2 years | Health intervention | ④ | High |
Simone58 | 82.3 | 54/57 | Vitamin B-12 | 24 weeks | Placebo | ④⑤ | High |
Piedra41 | 73.1 | 212/207 | Exercise | 2 years | Health education | ④ | High |
Arnaud35 | 82.4 | 41/51 | Tai Chi | 1 year | Usual care | ③④⑤ | Low |
Hiroyuki40 | 70.4 | 53/47 | Golf training | 24 weeks | Health education | ④⑤ | Low |
Cinta Valls36 | 66.9 | 127/95 | Mediterranean diet | 7 years | Control diet | ④ | Low |
Antonio30 | 69.2 | 53/56 | Exercise training | 1 year | Educational suggestions | ④ | High |
Jagadish K42 | 75 | 327/311 | Multi-domain intervention | 3 years | Placebo | ④ | Low |
