Table 3a Adjusted models for biomarkers, sex-stratified sub-group analyses.

From: Mindfulness improves inflammatory biomarker levels in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial

Biomarkers

Time-points

Intervention, log-transformed adjusted mean (SE, 95% CI)

Control, log-transformed adjusted mean (SE, 95% CI)

Estimate (SE)

95% CI

P-value

Male

      

 Hs-CRP

Baseline

0.173 (0.119, −0.069 to 0.415)

0.35 (0.153, 0.038 to 0.662)

Reference

Reference

Reference

3-month

0.227 (0.119, −0.015 to 0.469)

0.143 (0.153, −0.169 to 0.456)

0.260

−0.222 to 0.743

0.272

9-month

0.096 (0.194, −0.298 to 0.489)

0.318 (0.153, 0.005 to 0.63)

−0.045

−0.603 to 0.513

0.870

 IL-1β

Baseline

1.861 (0.127, 1.601 to 2.12)

1.697 (0.128, 1.436 to 1.959)

Reference

Reference

Reference

3-month

1.788 (0.136, 1.509 to 2.066)

2.232 (0.153, 1.92 to 2.543)

−0.607

−1.116 to −0.100

0.021*

9-month

1.868 (0.154, 1.553 to 2.183)

2.179 (0.137, 1.899 to 2.459)

−0.475

−1.000 to 0.052

0.075

 IL-6

Baseline

0.278 (0.158, −0.043 to 0.6)

0.259 (0.167, −0.082 to 0.6)

Reference

Reference

Reference

3-month

−0.064 (0.158, −0.385 to 0.258)

0.924 (0.216, 0.483 to 1.364)

−1.001

−1.761 to −0.253

0.011*

9-month

0.393 (0.237, −0.09 to 0.876)

1.01 (0.185, 0.634 to 1.386)

−0.637

−1.377 to 0.104

0.090

 BDNF

Baseline

7.134 (0.219, 6.685 to 7.584)

7.339 (0.308, 6.708 to 7.97)

Reference

Reference

Reference

3-month

6.343 (0.219, 5.894 to 6.792)

6.268 (0.308, 5.638 to 6.899)

0.279

−0.968 to 1.527

0.641

9-month

6.554 (0.457, 5.619 to 7.49)

6.022 (0.358, 5.289 to 6.755)

0.737

−0.675 to 2.149

0.294

 Cortisol

Baseline

−0.747 (0.066, −0.882 to −0.611)

−0.772 (0.077, −0.93 to −0.614)

Reference

Reference

Reference

3-month

−0.792 (0.066, −0.928 to −0.657)

−0.882 (0.093, −1.07 to −0.693)

0.064

−0.204 to 0.332

0.621

9-month

−0.732 (0.092, −0.919 to −0.545)

−0.772 (0.084, −0.944 to −0.6)

0.015

−0.290 to 0.320

0.921

 DHEA-S

Baseline

3.013 (0.033, 2.946 to 3.079)

3.004 (0.046, 2.909 to 3.099)

Reference

Reference

Reference

3-month

3.05 (0.033, 2.983 to 3.116)

3.038 (0.046, 2.944 to 3.133)

0.002

−0.137 to 0.142

0.968

9-month

3.062 (0.052, 2.956 to 3.169)

3.122 (0.046, 3.027 to 3.216)

−0.068

−0.243 to 0.107

0.436

Female

 Hs-CRP

Baseline

0.192 (0.072, 0.049 to 0.336)

0.16 (0.065, 0.031 to 0.29)

Reference

Reference

Reference

3-month

0.106 (0.073, −0.04 to 0.253)

0.2 (0.066, 0.068 to 0.333)

−0.126

−0.327 to 0.075

0.214

9-month

−0.094 (0.085, −0.263 to 0.075)

0.318 (0.07, 0.179 to 0.458)

−0.445

−0.700 to −0.189

0.001**

 IL-1β

Baseline

1.575 (0.12, 1.338 to 1.813)

1.584 (0.103, 1.379 to 1.789)

Reference

Reference

Reference

3-month

1.754 (0.12, 1.516 to 1.992)

1.785 (0.109, 1.57 to 2.001)

−0.023

−0.417 to 0.370

0.906

9-month

1.708 (0.138, 1.434 to 1.982)

1.679 (0.115, 1.451 to 1.907)

0.038

−0.425 to 0.501

0.872

 IL-6

Baseline

0.306 (0.122, 0.063 to 0.549)

0.47 (0.112, 0.248 to 0.693)

Reference

Reference

Reference

3-month

0.608 (0.122, 0.366 to 0.851)

0.344 (0.122, 0.102 to 0.586)

0.428

−0.015 to 0.873

0.058

9-month

0.518 (0.144, 0.231 to 0.804)

0.681 (0.13, 0.424 to 0.938)

0.001

−0.497 to 0.498

0.998

 BDNF

Baseline

7.376 (0.213, 6.952 to 7.8)

7.441 (0.198, 7.047 to 7.836)

Reference

Reference

Reference

3-month

6.658 (0.222, 6.216 to 7.101)

6.637 (0.208, 6.223 to 7.051)

0.087

−0.749 to 0.923

0.835

9-month

6.424 (0.262, 5.903 to 6.945)

6.933 (0.22, 6.494 to 7.371)

−0.443

−1.317 to 0.431

0.316

 Cortisol

Baseline

−1.132 (0.06, −1.252 to −1.013)

−1.076 (0.058, −1.191 to −0.962)

Reference

Reference

Reference

3-month

−1.1 (0.06, −1.219 to −0.98)

−0.897 (0.062, −1.021 to −0.774)

−0.146

−0.378 to 0.085

0.211

9-month

−0.975 (0.073, −1.119 to −0.831)

−0.871 (0.066, −1.003 to −0.74)

−0.048

−0.300 to 0.205

0.709

 DHEA-S

Baseline

2.206 (0.035, 2.137 to 2.276)

2.218 (0.032, 2.155 to 2.281)

Reference

Reference

Reference

3-month

2.181 (0.035, 2.112 to 2.251)

2.24 (0.032, 2.177 to 2.303)

−0.047

−0.158 to 0.063

0.398

9-month

2.227 (0.04, 2.148 to 2.306)

2.209 (0.034, 2.141 to 2.277)

0.030

−0.103 to 0.162

0.658

  1. Covariates controlled for in the linear-mixed model included the baseline values of the respective outcome variable, age, sex, years of formal education, time-points of the intervention, treatment arm, time-points, and treatment arm interaction term.
  2. Hs-CRP high-sensitivity-c-reactive protein, IL interleukin, BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor, DHEA-S dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate.
  3. *indicates P-value < 0.05; **indicates P-value < 0.01.
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