Fig. 1: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the left hippocampus.

a Boxplot of glutamate level in antipsychotic-naive first episode psychosis patients (FEP) compared with healthy controls (HC; P = 0.39). Each point corresponds to one participant (mean ± standard deviation). HC: n = 41, FEP: n = 54. b Single voxel location in the left hippocampus. c Spectrum from left hippocampus volume of interest; the black line is a collected spectrum and the green line is a model fit obtained by the AMARES algorithm in jMRUI. Cr indicates creatine, Cho choline, Glx glutamate and glutamine, and NAA N-acetyl aspartate.