Fig. 2: Grim epigenetic age acceleration and DNA methylation-based telomere length.

a, b Scatterplots show GrimAge or DNAmTL vs. chronological age. Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated a significant correlation between GrimAge/DNAmTL and chronological age in both groups. c, d Violin-plot with dots shows Grim EAA or DNAmTLAdjAge. Welch’s t-test (Grim EAA) or Student’s t-test (DNAmTLAdjAge) showed no significant between-group differences. CTL, control; BD, bipolar disorder; EAA, epigenetic age acceleration; DNAmTL, DNA methylation-based telomere length; DNAmTLAdjAge, age-adjusted DNAmTL.