Fig. 3: Epigenetic age acceleration and DNAmTLAdjAge vs. mood stabilizer medication in patients with bipolar disorder.

Dot-plots and violin-plots with dots show mood stabilizers medication vs. a Horvath EAA, b IEAA, c Hannum EAA, d EEAA, e Grim EAA, or f DNAmTLAdjAge. Student’s t-test (Horvath EAA, IEAA, Hannum EAA, EEAA and DNAmTLAdjAge) or Welch’s t-test (Grim EAA) was performed for comparisons between patients with BD on combination medication and those on none/monotherapy of mood stabilizers (Li, VPA, or CBZ). Horvath EAA (p = 0.0245) and IEAA (p = 0.0128) were significantly decreased in patients with BD on combination medication. BD, bipolar disorder; EAA, epigenetic age acceleration; IEAA, intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration; EEAA, extrinsic epigenetic age acceleration; DNAmTLAdjAge, age-adjusted DNA methylation-based telomere length; Li, lithium carbonate; VPA, sodium valproate; CBZ, carbamazepine.