Fig. 2: Study outcomes.

a At baseline, childhood neglect severity was negatively associated with mean dACC connectivity to the anterior insula/frontal operculum (aI/FO) regions in the developing cingulo-opercular network across all participants. b dACC connectivity to aI/FO significantly enhanced at time 2, only for the IAI group. c Seed–voxel group × time analyses (dACC seed in blue, aI/FO voxels in red) confirmed the result for the ROI–ROI analyses, showing enhanced connectivity in IAI vs. EAI/NI. d Cognitive changes at time 2 vs. time 1 showed improvements for IAI vs. EAI/NI for both sustained attention (i.e., reduced response time variance at post intervention, plotted as the time 1 minus 2 difference) and interference resolution (i.e., reduced interference response cost at post intervention, also plotted as the time 1 minus 2 difference). e Hyperactivity ratings continued to improve for IAI vs. EAI/NI at the 1-year follow-up, time 3 (plotted as the Z-score difference for baseline time 1 minus time 2 (top) or time 1 minus time 3 ratings (bottom)). f Teacher ratings of academic performance were significantly higher for IAI vs. EAI/NI at time 2.