Table 1 Participant characteristics and outcome measures.

From: Closed-loop digital meditation for neurocognitive and behavioral development in adolescents with childhood neglect

Measure

IAI

EAI

NI

Group difference

Gender

7F/8M

6F/9M

2F/13M

p = 0.13

Age in years

13.8 ± 0.5

13.3 ± 0.4

14.5 ± 0.5

p = 0.18

Age of stable care access in years

9.7 ± 0.8

7.8 ± 0.7

6.5 ± 0.4

p = 0.006*

Childhood trauma score

2.23 ± 0.11

2.22 ± 0.18

1.80 ± 0.13

p = 0.06

Childhood trauma abuse subscore

1.74 ± 0.16

1.63 ± 0.16

1.35 ± 0.12

p = 0.18

Childhood trauma neglect subscore

2.65 ± 0.11

2.69 ± 0.26

2.19 ± 0.17

p = 0.13

rs-fMRI dACC-aI/FO connectivity

 T1

0.40 ± 0.05

0.56 ± 0.06

0.52 ± 0.05

p = 0.12

 T2

0.51 ± 0.04

0.52 ± 0.05

0.51 ± 0.06

p = 0.03*

Sustained attention

T1

150 ± 17

129 ± 10

141 ± 10

p = 0.70

 T2

107 ± 8

203 ± 36

222 ± 35

p = 0.01*

Interference resolution

 T1

97 ± 24

55 ± 16

33 ± 8

p = 0.07

 T2

29 ± 13

47 ± 11

27 ± 10

p = 0.03*

Inattention ratings

 T1

7.7 ± 1.8 (75 ± 19% 6 of 15)

9.2 ± 1.6 (80 ± 19% 8 of 15)

7.3 ± 1.4 (75 ± 19% 6 of 15)

p = 0.68

 T2

6.2 ± 1.3(75 ± 18% 4 of 15)

7.9 ± 1.2 (80 ± 11% 8 of 15)

10.4 ± 1.3 (84 ± 9% 9 of 15)

p = 0.07

 T3

6.2 ± 1.5(75 ± 19% 4 of 13)

9.4 ± 1.7 (86 ± 8% 8 of 13)

7.5 ± 1.3 (80 ± 7% 6 of 12)

p = 0.40

Hyperactivity ratings

 T1

7.5 ± 1.3 (84 ± 10% 10 of 15)

7.1 ± 1.0 (75 ± 9% 7 of 15)

8.4 ± 1.2 (84 ± 9% 10 of 15)

p = 0.77

 T2

4.7 ± 1.0 (75 ± 12% 5 of 15)

5.7 ± 1.0 (75 ± 17% 6 of 15)

7.5 ± 1.0 (87 ± 7% 10 of 15)

p = 0.12

 T3

2.3 ± 0.6 (50 ± 25% 0 of 13)

6.2 ± 1.5 (75 ± 20% 6 of 13)

5.8 ± 1.2 (75 ± 17% 5 of 12)

p = 0.01*

Academic performance

 T2

65 ± 4

58 ± 2

58 ± 2

p = 0.04*

 T3

57 ± 4

53 ± 2

57 ± 3

p = 0.64

  1. Measures of participants in the IAI (internal attention intervention), EAI (external attention intervention), and NI (no intervention) study arms at baseline alone, or as measured at baseline (T1), post intervention (T2), and 1-year follow-up (T3). Data measure with continuous values are reported as mean ± standard error. Sustained attention was measured by the standard deviation of responses in milliseconds on a continuous performance task; interference resolution was measured as the response time cost difference in milliseconds for responding to stimuli with conflict vs. no conflict on a Flanker task. For inattention and hyperactivity ratings, raw measures are accompanied by data in parentheses that are clinically normed percentiles reported as median ± median absolute deviation, followed by the number of adolescents that surpassed clinical 80% threshold of the group total. For academic performance, raw scores were out of a max score of 95. For normally distributed measures, group differences were compared using one-way ANOVA at baseline or repeated measures ANOVA at T2 vs. T1 with baseline covariates, else the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test was used (see “Materials and Methods”, “Data analyses”). * denotes significant group differences. Significant baseline group differences were only observed for age of stable care access (post hoc, IAI > NI p = 0.005, and no other differences). Abbreviations: F female, M male, rs-fMRI resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, dACC dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, aI/FO anterior insula/frontal operculum.
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