Fig. 1: Canonical TGF-β signaling pathway. | Translational Psychiatry

Fig. 1: Canonical TGF-β signaling pathway.

From: Canonical TGF-β signaling regulates the relationship between prenatal maternal depression and amygdala development in early life

Fig. 1

Canonical transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling is a process that involves ligands (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3), receptors (TGFBRI/II/III), receptor-activated SMADs (R-Smads: Smad2/3; I-Smads: Smad7), and the common Smad (co-Smad: Smad4). TGF-β superfamily ligands bind to a type II receptor, which recruits and phosphorylates a type I receptor. The type I receptor then phosphorylates R-Smads that can bind Smad4. R-Smads/co-Smad complexes accumulate in the nucleus where they act as transcription factors and participate in the regulation of target gene expression.

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