Table 3 Associations between maternal psychosocial risk factors and gestational epigenetic age deviation at birth.
Unadjusted β estimate [95% CI] | P-value | Adjusted β estimate [95% CI] | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Study site: Mbekweni | 0.83 [−0.53; 2.18] | 0.231 | 0.83 [−1.04; 2.70] | 0.382 |
Estimated household income: < ZAR 1000/month | 1.35 [−0.01; 2.71] | 0.052b | 1.87 [0.40; 3.34] | 0.013a |
Maternal BMIc at enrolment | 0.10 [−0.01; 0.21] | 0.068b | 0.07 [−0.04; 0.19] | 0.217 |
Mother HIV-infected | −1.35 [−2.93; 0.23] | 0.094b | −1.87 [−3.74; −0.01] | 0.049a |
Maternal anaemia | 1.60 [−0.26; 3.47] | 0.091b | 1.70 [−0.24; 3.64] | 0.085b |
Mode of delivery: Caesarean section | 1.87 [0.23; 3.51] | 0.026a | 1.63 [−0.20; 3.47] | 0.081b |
Sex of child: Male | −0.59 [−1.94; 0.77] | 0.396 | −1.17 [−2.62; 0.28] | 0.113 |
Child head circumference at birth | 0.62 [0.25; 0.98] | 0.001a | 0.20 [−0.34; 0.74] | 0.469 |
Child weight at birth | 1.97 [0.73; 3.20] | 0.002a | 1.62 [−0.13; 3.37] | 0.069b |
Alcohol exposure during pregnancy | −0.13 [−1.91; 1.65] | 0.885 | 0.13 [−1.92; 2.17] | 0.904 |
Tobacco use during pregnancy | −0.76 [−2.23; 0.72] | 0.313 | −0.20 [−2.19; 1.79] | 0.843 |
Psychological distress | −1.57 [−3.04; −0.09] | 0.038a | −0.76 [−2.40; 0.88] | 0.363 |
Current PTSD | −1.24 [−2.69; 0.22] | 0.096b | −1.95 [−3.57; −0.33] | 0.018a |