Fig. 3: Associations between ACEs, average daytime cortisol levels (age 11) and depressive symptoms (age 21).

Note. N = 290. Pooled estimates from mixed-effects linear regression analysis across 20 imputed datasets. Model 1 = adjusted for sex, age and family SES; Model 2 = Model 1 + latent genetic risk scores for cortisol/depressive symptoms. Reference groups: ACEs cumulative score = ‘0 ACEs’; LCA-derived clusters: ‘Low ACEs’. ACEs adverse childhood experiences, SES socioeconomic status, CI confidence interval.