Fig. 1: Selection into cohorts. 4680 participants participated in the T0 survey immediately before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

745 participants were excluded due to data problems and 3935 participants remained in the analysis and were defined as the “survey population.” Of the 3935, 1661 participated in only two or three surveys (incomplete data) (532, T0-T2; 124, T0-T1, T3; 707, T0-T1; 298, T0 and T3). Therefore, 2274 respondents completed all four surveys and were defined as the “study population”.