Table 1 Functional neuroimaging findings during primary mania episode.

From: Functional neuroanatomy of mania

Article	Region	Side	Activity	Control	Study	Task
Abler et al. 2008	NAc.	Bilateral	↓	HS	fMRI	Reward task
Abler et al. 2008	NAc.	Bilateral	≈	Schiz.	fMRI	Reward task
Alonso‐Lana et al. 2019	VMPFC DLPFC/PC (BA6) Parietal cortex/superior precuneus	Bilateral Left Bilateral	≈		fMRI	Working memory task
			↓	Euth.^a
			↓
Alonso‐Lana et al. 2019	VMPFC DLPFC/PC (BA6) Parietal cortex/superior precuneus	Bilateral Left Bilateral	↑		fMRI	Working memory task
			↓	HS
			↓
Altshuler et al. 2005a	Amygdala Lateral OFC	Left Bilateral	↑ ↓	HS	fMRI	Affect-laden task
Altshuler et al. 2005b	Lateral OFC (BA47) Hippocampus Cingulate cortex (BA24)	Right Right Left	↓	HS	fMRI	Go-No Go task
			↓
			↓
Bermpohl et al. 2009	Amygdala	Left	↑	HS	fMRI	Affect-laden task
Bermpohl et al. 2010^b	Lateral OFC Lateral OFC Ventral striatum PCC	Left Left ND Right	↑^c ↓^d ≈ ↓	HS	fMRI	Reward task
Blumberg et al. 1999	MFG (BA10) OFC (BA11)	Right Right	↓ ↓	Euth.^e	PET	Word generation task
Blumberg et al. 1999	MFG (BA10)	Right	↓	HS	PET	Word generation task
Blumberg et al. 1999	OFC	Bilateral	↓	HS	PET	Resting state
Blumberg et al. 2000	Dorsal ACC Head of caudate	Left Left	↑ ↑	Euth.^e	PET	Resting state
Caligiuri et al. 2003	Globus pallidus Thalamus Caudate	Left Right Right	↑ ↓ ↓	BD^e	fMRI	Reaction-time task
Caligiuri et al. 2003	SMA (BA6) Globus pallidus PMA (BA4)	Left Left Right	↑ ↑ ↓	HS	fMRI	Reaction-time task
Chen et al. 2010	Amygdala Hippocampus	Right Right	↓ ↓	Euth.^a	fMRI	Affect-laden task
Chen et al. 2010	OFC Caudate	Right Left	↑ ↓	HS	fMRI	Affect-laden task
Drevets et al. 1997^f	Subgenual prefrontal cortex	ND	↑	HS	PET	Resting state
Foland et al. 2008	Amygdala VLPFC (BA47)	Left Bilateral	↑ ↓	HS	fMRI	Affect-laden task
Lennox et al. 2004	Insula PCC Amygdala Subgenual ACC	Left ND Bilateral ND	↑ ↑ ↓ ↓	HS	fMRI	Affect-laden task
Liu et al. 2012	Rostral prefrontal cortex (BA10)	Right	↓	HS	fMRI	Affect-laden task
Mazzola-Pomietto et al. 2009	VLPFC	Bilateral	↓	HS	fMRI	Go-No Go task
Rubinsztein et al. 2001	Dorsal ACC (BA32) VMPFC (BA10) IFG (BA47)	Left Right Bilateral	↑ ↓ ↓	HS	PET	Decision-Making task
Strakowski et al. 2008	PCC (BA23, BA29) ACC (BA32) Thalamus Precuneus (BA7, BA39) Middle temporal gyrus (BA21, BA37)	Bilateral Left Left Left Left	↑ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓	HS	fMRI	Response-inhibition task
Strakowski et al. 2011	Amygdala Fusiform VLPFC ACC Cerebellar vermis Parahippocampus IFG IFG Putamen Lingual gyrus Medial thalamus MFG SFG PC Precuneus	Right Left Bilateral Right ND Right Right Left Right Right ND Bilateral Right Right Right	↓↑^g ↓↑^g ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓↑ ^g ↓↑^g ↓ ↓↑ ^g ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓↑^g ↑ ↓	HS	fMRI	Affect-laden task

≈ – similar, ↑ = increase, ↓ = reduced, ACC anterior cingulate cortex, BA brodmann area, BD bipolar depression, DLPFC dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, Euth. euthymic state, fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging, HS healthy subjects, IFG inferior frontal gyrus, MFG middle frontal gyrus, NAc. nucleus accumbens, ND not defined, OFC orbitofrontal cortex, PC precentral cortex, PCC posterior cingulate cortex, PET positron emission tomography, PMA primary motor area, Schiz. schizophrenia, SFG superior frontal gyrus, VLPFC ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, VMPFC ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
^aWithin-subject analysis.
^bAfter symptoms remission no differences were found between manic remitted patients and healthy subjects in OFC activity.
^cDuring expectation of increasing gain in the reward task.
^dDuring expectation of increasing loss in the reward task.
^eBetween-subject analysis.
^fUnipolar and bipolar depressed patients had decreased activation in subgenual prefrontal cortex relative to healthy subjects.
^gOverall resulting activity differ according to the analysis performed and/or to the specific fMRI task cue.

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Table 1 Functional neuroimaging findings during primary mania episode.

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