Table 1 Demographic information, smoking and drinking status and clinical characteristics of participants.

From: Metabolite differences in the medial prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia patients with and without persistent auditory verbal hallucinations: a 1H MRS study

Characteristics

Healthy Control (HC) (n = 59)

Patients(n = 114)

Significance

pAVH (n = 61)

non-AVH (n = 53)

3 groups

HC vs. non-AVH p value

HC vs. pAVH

pAVH vs. non-AVH

Gender (M/F), n

25/34

31/30

23/30

χ² = 1.02 (0.60)

0.91

0.35

0.43

Age (y), (M ± SD)

27.25 ± 6.10

25.43 ± 5.41

27.19 ± 6.19

F = 1.84 (0.16)

1.00

0.27

0.34

Education (y), (M ± SD)

14.44 ± 2.66

11.99 ± 3.38

12.79 ± 2.82

F = 10.48(<0.001)**

0.012*

<0.001**

0.46

Smoke (yes/no), n

9/50

9/52

13/40

χ² = 2.27 (0.32)

0.22

0.94

0.19

Drinker (yes/no), n

2/57

0/61

1/52

χ² = 2.03 (0.36)

0.62

0.15

0.28

Age at disease onset (y), (M ± SD)

–

20.92 ± 4.92

21.38 ± 5.02

–

–

–

U = 1532 (0.63)

Illness duration (y), (M ± SD)

–

7.02 ± 4.65

5.99 ± 4.15

–

–

–

U = 1369 (0.27)

PANSS-T, (M ± SD)

–

60.12 ± 14.02

51.34 ± 17.01

–

–

–

U = 964 (<0.001)**

PANSS-P, (M ± SD)

–

16.28 ± 3.97

10.21 ± 3.43

–

–

–

U = 369.5 (<0.001)**

PANSS-N, (M ± SD)

–

15.80 ± 5.83

14.09 ± 7.48

–

–

–

U = 1202 (0.025)*

PANSS-G, (M ± SD)

–

27.70 ± 7.03

27.04 ± 8.15

–

–

–

U = 1430.5 (0.36)

P3 hallucination item of PANSS, (M ± SD)

–

5.10 ± 0.75

1.00 ± 0.00

–

–

–

U = 0.000 (<0.001)**

CPZ equivalent(mg/d), (M ± SD)

–

730.52 ± 342.87

595.93 ± 402.90

–

–

–

T = 1.87 (0.06)

  1. M mean, SD standard deviation, n number, M/F male/female, pAVH persistent auditory verbal hallucinations, non-AVH without auditory verbal hallucinations, HC health control, PANSS Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale, PANSS-T PANSS total score, PANSS-P PANSS positive score, PANSS-N PANSS negative score, PANSS-G PANSS general psychopathology score, CPZ chlorpromazine.
  2. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.
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