Table 1 GWA study data sources.

From: Shared genomic architectures of COVID-19 and antisocial behavior

Trait (abbreviation)

Data source: Consortium and Availability

Effective Sample Size

Average total household income before tax (“average income”)

MRC-IEU; IEU Open GWAS Project identifier: ukb-b-7408; https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/ [24,25,26]

397,751

Education years

Okbay et al. (2016) [27]; Social Science Genetic Association Consortium (SSGAC); https://www.thessgac.org/ [28]

293,723

Healthspan

Zenin et al. (2019) [29]; (UKBB; n = 300,447 European); https://www.gwasarchive.org/

300,447

Lifespan

Timmers et al. [30] (2019); UKBB/LifeGen study; https://datashare.ed.ac.uk/handle/10283/3209

Up to 1,012,240

Word interpolation (“verbal reasoning”)

UKBB/Neale lab; IEU Open GWAS Project identifier: ukb-d-4957; https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/ [24,25,26]

98,753 cases and 18,062 controls

Breastfed as baby

MRC-IEU; IEU Open GWAS Project identifier: ukb-b-13423; https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/ [24,25,26]

251,150 cases and 100,944 controls

Cheese intake

MRC-IEU; IEU Open GWAS Project identifier: ukb-b-1489; https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/ [24,25,26]

451,486

Self-rated happiness (“happiness”)

UKBB/Neale lab; IEU Open GWAS Project identifier: ukb-a-367; https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/ [24,25,26]

110,935

Parkinson’s disease

Nalls et al. (2019) [31]. International Parkinson’s Disease Genomics Consortium; IEU Open GWAS Project identifier: ieu-b-7; https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/ [24,25,26]

33,674 cases and 449,046 controls

COVID-19

COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, release 4 [32, 33]; IEU Open GWAS Project identifier: ebi-a-GCST010780; https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/ [24,25,26]

14,134 COVID-19 cases and 1,284,876 controls (release 4)

COVID-19

COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, release 6 [32, 33] https://www.covid19hg.org/results/r6/

112,612 COVID-19 cases and 2,474,079 controls (release 6)

Job involves heavy manual or physical work (“heavy manual labor”)

MRC-IEU; IEU Open GWAS Project identifier: ukb-b-2002; https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/ [24,25,26]

263,615

Noisy workplace

MRC-IEU; IEU Open GWAS Project identifier: ukb-b-2091; https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/ [24,25,26]

151,624

ASB

Broad Antisocial Behavior Consortium (BroadABC); http://broadabc.ctglab.nl/ (data available upon request) [12, 34]

56,575

Townsend Deprivation Index

MRC-IEU; IEU Open GWAS Project identifier: ukb-b-10011; https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/ [24,25,26]

462,464

Gastrointestinal diseases

FINNGen Biobank analysis; 39,639 cases and 56,860 controls (European); binary; IEU Open GWAS Project identifier: finn-a-K11_GIDISEASES; https://www.finngen.fi/fi/ [24,25,26]

39,639 cases and 56,860 controls

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) differential diagnosis

UKBB/Neale lab; IEU Open GWAS Project identifier: ukb-d-COPD_EXCL; https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/ [24,25,26]

26,710 cases and 334,484 controls

Genitourinary diseases

UKBB/Neale lab; IEU Open GWAS Project identifier: ukb-d-XIV_GENITOURINARY; https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/ [24,25,26]

71,620 cases and 289,574 controls

Neuroticism score (“neuroticism”)

MRC-IEU; IEU Open GWAS Project identifier: ukb-b-4630; https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/ [24,25,26]

374,323

Seen doctor for nerves, anxiety, tension, or depression

MRC-IEU; IEU Open GWAS Project identifier: ukb-b-6991; https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/ [24,25,26]

158,565 cases and 300,995 controls

Plays computer games

MRC-IEU; IEU Open GWAS Project identifier: ukb-b-4779; https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/ [24,25,26]

462,433

Victim of physically violent crime (“violent-crime victim”)

UKBB/Neale lab; IEU Open GWAS Project identifier: ukb-d-20529; https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/ [24,25,26]

21,926 cases and 95,920 controls

Risk tolerance (self-rated: “Would you describe yourself as someone who takes risks?”)

Karlsson Linnér et al. (2019) [28]; Social Science Genetic Association Consortium (SSGAC); https://www.thessgac.org/

466,571

Witnessed sudden violent death (“saw sudden violent death”)

UKBB/Neale lab; IEU Open GWAS Project identifier: ukb-d-20530; https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/ [24,25,26]

15,959 cases and 101,903 controls

  1. UKBB = UK Biobank; MRC-IEU = Medical Research Counsel Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol; GWAS = genome-wide association study. Most of the GWA studies were performed solely in those of European ancestry. The two COVID-19 GWA studies came from meta-analyses that predominately consisted of those of European ancestry, but the COVID-19 (release 6) included some participants of other ancestral backgrounds. However, the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative cohort that generated the COVID-19 data performed sensitivity analyses generating SNP-heritability (\(h_g^2\)) estimates for COVID-19 using only the data for those of European ancestry for release 6 and compared these to the \(h_g^2\) estimates for the meta-analytic measures we used. The \(h_g^2\) estimates were nearly the same (see the Supplementary table 6 that accompanies the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative paper [32]). Were the \(h_g^2\) estimates substantially different, use of the meta-analytic data for LDSC would have been inappropriate. Thus, though we did not have access to the European-only ancestry data for COVID-19 (release 6), the \(h_g^2\) estimates for the meta-analytic data do not appear to be confounded by mixed ancestries.
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