Table 1 Characteristics of the participating mother and child pairs.

From: Maternal prenatal depressive symptoms and toddler behavior: an umbilical cord blood epigenome-wide association study

 

Healthy controls, high internalizing score n = 90

Healthy controls, low internalizing score n = 92

Prenatal depressive symptoms, high internalizing score n = 50

Prenatal depressive symptoms, low internalizing score n = 24

Maternal characteristics

    

 Age, median years (range)

31.0 (23.0–41.0)a

32.5 (20.0–48.0)b

30.0 (19.0–39.0)

31.0 (24.0–40.0)

 Born in Scandinavia, n (%)d

83 (92.2)

88 (95.7)

41 (93.1)

22 (95.6)

 Educational attainment, university level, n (%)d

79 (87.8)

83 (90.2)

13 (56.5)

33 (75.0)a

 Primipara, n (%)

55 (61.1)a

41 (44.6)

29 (58.0)

8 (33.3)

 Body mass index (BMI), median (range)e

22.5 (18.3–33.3)

22.7 (17.7–34.6)

22.4 (18.3–36.7)

24.5 (17.6–36.8)

 Vaginal delivery, n (%)

74 (82.2)

69 (75.0)

19 (79.2)

39 (78.0)

 History of depression, n (%)d

0b,c

0b,c

17 (77.3)

34 (77.3)

 Anxiety during pregnancy

0b,c

0b,c

29 (58.0)

13 (54.2)

 EPDS, scores at gestational week 17, median (range)d

3.0 (0.0–10.0)b,c

2.0 (0.0–10.0)b,c

13.0 (0.00–21.0)

13.0 (1.0–18.0)

 EPDS, scores at gestational week 32, median (range)d

3.0 (0.0–11.0)b,c

2.0 (0.0–10.0)b,c

12.5 (2.00–20.0)

13.0 (5.0–16.0)

 SSRI treatment n (%)

0b,c

0b,c

4 (8.0)

3 (12.5)

Child characteristics

    

 Sex

    

 Boy

47 (52.2)

43 (46.7)

20 (40.0)

10 (41.7)

 Girl

43 (47.8)

49 (53.3)

30 (60.0)

14 (58.3)

 Gestational length (days)

281 (258–296)

281 (245–296)

280 (263–296)

282.5 (265–296)

 Birth weight (kg) mean (SD)

3.58 (0.49)

3.69 (0.50)

3.59 (0.55)

3.71 (0.49)

Child behavior checklist scores, median (range)

    

 Internalizing scores

41.0 (39.0–52.0)a,c

37.0 (36.0–38.0)b,c

42.0 (39.0–53.0)

37.5 (36.0–38.0)

 Externalizing scores

32.5 (24.0–51.0)a,c

28. 0 (23.0–42.0)b,c

36.0 (25.0–56.0

29.5 (24.0–38.0)

 Total problem scores

83.5 (70.0–110.0)a,b,c

73.5 (67.0–92.0)b,c

87.0 (73.0–119.0)

76.5 (68.0–87.0)

  1. EPDS Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. aSignificantly different than healthy controls, low internalizing scores. bSignificantly different than prenatal depressive symptoms, high internalizing scores. cSignificantly different than prenatal depressive symptoms, low internalizing scores. dData missing on seven subjects. eData missing on six subjects.
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