Fig. 3: Altered gut bacteria composition at the species level after FMT.

A Alpha diversity indices (i.e., Chao1, Shannon, ACE). Chao1 (Mann–Whitney U-test: U = 10, P = 0.002). Shannon (Mann–Whitney U-test: U = 17, P = 0.013). ACE (Mann–Whitney U-test: U = 10, P = 0.002). B Principal component analysis (PCA) of beta-diversity based on the OTU table, where each point represents a single sample colored by group, indicated by the second principal component of 23.98% on the Y-axis and the first principal component of 35.59% on the X-axis (ANOSIM) (R = 0.7824, P = 0.001). C Relative abundance at the species level in the FMT group from RA patients and the FMT group from healthy controls. D–U Significantly different bacteria in species level from two groups. D Bacteroides intestinalis DSM_17393. E Phascolarctobacterium faecium. F Bacteroides xylanisolvens. G Akkermansia muciniphila. H Bacteroides uniformis. I Parabacteroides goldsteinii. J Escherichia coli. K Paraprevotella xylaniphila. L Anaerostipes caccae DSM_14662. M Parabacteroides distasonis ATCC_8503. N Bacteroides massiliensis. O Clostridioides difficile. P Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum. Q mouse gut metagenome. R Alistipes inops. S Lachnospiraceae bacterium 28-4. T Lachnoclostridium sp._YL32. U Eubacterium limosum. See Table S3 for detailed statistical analysis. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 10). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.