Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the matched sample (N = 520).

Variables	Total (N = 520)		Non-COVID-19 treating frontline clinicians (N = 260)		COVID-19 treating frontline clinicians (N = 260)		Univariable analyses			Standardized difference
Variables	n	%	n	%	n	%	χ²	df	p	Standardized difference
Male gender	212	40.8	111	42.7	101	38.8	0.8	1	0.37	0.084
Occupation							1.9	3	0.59	0.016
Doctor	124	23.8	67	25.8	57	21.9
Nurse	339	65.2	162	62.3	177	68.1
Medical technician	48	9.2	26	10.0	22	8.5
Others	9	1.7	5	1.9	4	1.5
Education level							1.1	2	0.58	0.074
PhD	132	25.4	71	27.3	61	23.5
Master	335	64.4	164	63.1	171	65.8
Bachelor	53	10.2	25	9.6	28	10.8
Personal annual income (CNY)							3.0	3	0.40	0.038
<200 thousand	336	64.6	169	65.0	167	64.2
200–300 thousand	163	31.3	77	29.6	86	33.1
300–500 thousand	16	3.1	11	4.2	5	1.9
>500 thousand	5	1.0	3	1.2	2	0.8
Marital status							0.6	2	0.73	0.063
Never married	174	33.5	85	32.7	89	34.2
Married	329	63.3	165	63.5	164	63.1
Divorced	17	3.3	10	3.8	7	2.7
PHQ-9 total score of 5 and above	181	34.8	91	35.0	90	34.6	0.01	1	0.93	—
GAD-7 total score of 5 and above	155	29.8	75	28.8	80	30.8	0.2	1	0.63	—
ISI total score of 8 and above	91	17.5	48	18.5	43	16.5	0.3	1	0.56	—
Experienced WPV since COVID-19	53	10.2	36	13.8	17	6.5	7.6	1	0.006	—
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	t/Z	df	p
Age	34.3	7.2	34.4	7.8	34.2	6.6	0.2	505.9^a	0.84	−0.016
PHQ-9 total score	3.6	4.2	3.5	4.1	3.7	4.3	0.4	—^b	0.69	—
GAD-7 total score	3.0	3.3	2.9	3.3	3.1	3.3	0.7	—^b	0.50	—
ISI total score	4.0	5.1	3.9	5.3	4.1	5.0	0.5	—^b	0.59	—
Global QOL	7.2	1.5	7.0	1.6	7.3	1.5	−2.5	518	0.015	—

Bold values indicates statistical significant p values (p < 0.05); COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, GAD-7 generalized anxiety disorder-7, CNY Chinese yuan, df degree of freedom, PhD degree of philosophy, PHQ-9 patient health questionnaire-9, QOL quality of life, ISI insomnia severity index, SD standard deviation, WPV workplace violence.
^aSatterthwaite corrected.
^bWilcoxon rank-sum test.

Search