Fig. 3: Electroretinographic markers of early psychosis.

A Two example waveforms that have distinguished schizophrenia patients from healthy controls and mood disorder patients (photopic flicker response not shown). B Using a portable handheld device, light-adapted (photopic) retinal functioning of different cell types can be measured within 15 min. C Four ERG variables that have significantly distinguished schizophrenia patients from well-matched healthy controls and people with major depression (the most common final diagnosis among those at clinical high risk for psychosis; n = 25/group). The a- and b-wave amplitudes were measured under three photopic viewing conditions (P1, P2, P3); the photopic flicker response was measured under a fourth condition (for details see [81]). All effects were in a direction that could be anticipated from past research. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.