Table 1 Potential candidate MDD biomarkers.
Candidate | Pathway | Function | Specimen | Analysis | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8-OHdG | Oxidative stress | Marker of DNA damage | Blood, urine | ELISA, competitive immunoassays | [100] |
Apolipoprotein D | Oxidative stress | Lipid transport protein found in the brain and testes | Blood | LC-MS | [13] |
Apolipoprotein B | Oxidative stress | Systemic lipid transport protein | Blood | LC-MS | [13] |
Vitamin D-binding protein | Oxidative stress | Vitamin D metabolite transport | Blood | LC-MS | [13] |
Ceruloplasmin | Oxidative stress | Copper transport | Blood | LC-MS | [13] |
Hornerin | Oxidative stress | Role in depression unclear | Blood | LC-MS | [13] |
Profilin 1 | Oxidative stress | Actin-binding protein | Blood | LC-MS | [13] |
Kynurenine | Niacin production | Tryptophan metabolite | Blood, urine | GC-MS | [14] |
Quinolinic acid | Niacin production | Toxic metabolite of kynurenine | Blood, urine | HPLC | [15] |
GABA | Neurotransmitter | Inhibitory neurotransmitter | Blood | GC-MS | [14] |
Tyramine | Catecholamine release | Tyrosine derivative | Blood | GC-MS | [14] |
Dopamine | Neurotransmitter | Excitatory neurotransmitter | Blood | GC-MS | [14] |
BDNF | Neurotrophic factor | Protein that supports neural growth and differentiation and normal neuronal function | Blood | ELISA | [19] |
miRNA-132 | Neuroinflammation modulator | Neural signaling | Blood | RT-PCR | [22] |
