Fig. 1: Behavioral economics principles and experimental timeline.

a Example of “elastic” and “inelastic” demand curves and definition of the behavioral economic parameters analyzed in the present study (gray box). b Experimental timeline for heroin and food self-administration, behavioral economic, choice testing and cued relapse. Animals where trained to self-administer food (30 min) and heroin (2 h) in tandem for 8 sessions (FR1), followed by 8 additional fixed-ratio steps used to extract behavioral economics variables. After 3 days of self-administration under FR3 schedule, animals where split into two different treatment groups (DORA-12 and Oxytocin) and entered the choice phase. At the end of choice testing, animals received 3 days of food and heroin self-administration under FR3 schedule before being tested in the cued reward seeking test.