Table 2 Pairwise Meta-Analyses for Binary Outcomes.

Psychotropic medications

759

0.92 [0.87, 0.97]

268

0.85 [0.81, 0.98]

110

1.25 [1.01, 1.57]

103

0.92 [0.77, 1.10]

Antidepressants

425

0.97 [0.90, 1.04]

134

0.91 [0.82, 1.00]

68

1.36 [1.02, 1.82]

49

1.19 [0.89, 1.60]

SSRIs

175

0.97 [0.86, 1.10]

34

0.88 [0.71, 1.09]

26

1.30 [0.84, 2.02]

22

0.92 [0.66, 1.27]

Citalopram

19

0.63 [0.48, 0.83]

5

0.55 [0.41, 0.71]

2

—

2

—

Escitalopram

14

1.14 [0.73, 1.76]

3

0.66 [0.13, 3.34]

2

—

3

1.82 [0.31, 10.54]

Fluoxetine

75

0.88 [0.76, 1.02]

13

1.02 [0.78, 1.32]

13

1.12 [0.66, 1.88]

2

—

Paroxetine

32

2.19 [1.50, 3.21]

4

3.26 [1.17, 9.04]

5

1.13 [0.44, 2.88]

Sertraline

28

1.02 [0.81, 1.27]

9

0.72 [0.47, 1.13]

4

1.49 [0.85. 2.61]

5

1.62 [0.55, 4.78]

SNRIs

121

0.98 [0.85, 1.12]

48

0.95 [0.80, 1.12]

17

1.02 [0.55, 1.87]

11

1.07 [0.42, 2.73]

Desvenlafaxine

35

0.89 [0.69, 1.15]

15

0.88 [0.65, 1.20]

7

0.88 [0.29, 2.63]

2

—

Duloxetine

41

1.01 [0.82, 1.24]

12

1.13 [0.86, 1.48]

6

0.39 [0.11, 1.42]

3

1.00 [0.17, 5.82]

Venlafaxine

33

1.11 [0.80, 1.54]

12

0.90 [0.59 1.38]

4

1.75 [0.73, 4.23]

5

1.00 [0.25, 3.99]

Multimodal serotonin antagonists

76

0.93 [0.82, 1.04]

39

0.90 [0.79, 1.03]

16

1.39 [0.77, 2.53]

1

—

Nefazodone

4

2.18 [0.64, 7.37]

0

—

2

—

1

—

Vilazodone

49

0.89 [0.78, 1.01]

31

0.89 [0.78, 1.01]

10

1.53 [0.60, 3.88]

0

—

Vortioxetine

23

1.13 [0.82, 1.57]

8

1.70 [0.71, 4.11]

0

—

0

—

NMDA receptor antagonists

19

0.79 [0.60, 1.04]

11

0.76 [0.52, 1.10]

1

—

0

—

Esketamine

13

0.86 [0.64, 1.17]

7

0.83 [0.55, 1.25]

1

—

0

—

Ketamine

6

0.46 [0.33, 4.90]

4

0.53 [0.23, 1.22]

0

—

0

—

Tricyclics and tetracyclics

17

1.00 [0.78, 1.29]

1

—

5

1.24 [0.55, 2.79]

7

1.39 [0.54, 3.58]

NaSSAs

7

1.88 [0.68, 5.22]

0

—

2

—

2

—

MAOIs

2

—

0

—

1

—

0

—

Antipsychotics

213

0.80 [0.75, 0.87]

73

0.91 [0.81, 1.03]

29

1.07 [0.73, 1.59]

42

0.79 [0.61, 1.01]

Atypical antipsychotics

209

0.80 [0.74, 0.86]

73

0.91 [0.81, 1.03]

27

0.32 [0.01, 8.21]

40

0.77 [0.59, 1.00]

Aripiprazole

11

0.55 [0.28, 1.10]

3

0.96 [0.37, 2.47]

1

—

3

0.50 [0.10, 2.47]

Asenapine

20

1.31 [0.89, 1.95]

12

1.35 [0.89, 2.05]

1

—

2

—

Cariprazine

29

0.90 [0.70, 1.17]

23

0.91 [0.70, 1.19]

2

—

2

—

Lurasidone

5

1.11 [0.81, 1.52]

4

1.14 [0.82, 1.59]

0

—

0

—

Olanzapine

17

0.80 [0.48, 1.34]

2

—

4

0.43 [0.09, 2.02]

8

0.92 [0.38, 2.23]

Paliperidone

21

0.58 [0.36, 0.95]

7

0.63 [0.35, 1.13]

2

—

5

0.39 [0.39, 1.64]

Quetiapine

43

0.95 [0.73, 1.22]

12

0.98 [0.59, 1.62]

4

1.29 [0.28, 6.01]

7

1.01 [0.31, 3.25]

Risperidone

32

1.01 [0.70, 1.45]

4

0.69 [0.42, 1.12]

5

2.81 [1.53, 5.19]

6

0.98 [0.33, 2.95]

Typical antipsychotics

4

5.44 [1.47, 20.00]

0

—

2

—

2

—

Psychostimulants for ADHD and narcolepsy

21

1.77 [1.06, 2.94]

15

1.63 [0.86, 3.09]

1

—

0

—

Armodafinil

9

2.13 [1.02, 4.44]

5

2.37 [0.85, 6.62]

0

—

0

—

Lisdexamfetamine

4

0.78 [0.17, 3.63]

3

0.52 [0.09, 3.01]

0

—

0

—

Agents for treatment of substance use disorders

27

0.81 [0.60, 1.10]

12

0.91 [0.65, 1.30]

2

—

3

0.84 [0.16, 4.54]

Bupropion

4

1.08 [0.66, 1.76]

2

—

0

—

1

—

Nalmefene

8

0.55 [0.28, 1.08]

3

0.76 [0.26, 2.20]

1

—

1

—

Varenicline

13

0.74 [0.45, 1.22]

7

0.78 [0.45, 1.35]

0

—

Mood stabilizers

29

0.88 [0.62, 1.22]

3

1.01 [0.52, 1.95]

8

1.15 [0.59, 2.27]

7

0.44 [0.13, 1.46]

Lamotrigine

11

1.87 [0.76, 4.57]

1

—

4

3.00 [0.60, 1.73]

2

—

Lithium

13

0.71 [0.47, 1.09]

1

—

3

0.80 [0.37, 1.73]

5

0.23 [0.06, 0.97]

Agents for treatment of insomnia

15

0.91 [0.55, 1.51]

13

0.88 [0.53, 1.49]

0

—

0

—

Suvorexant

9

1.57 [0.57, 4.34]

7

1.59 [0.51, 4.98]

0

—

0

—

Nonpsychostimulants for ADHD

13

0.84 [0.44, 1.65]

11

0.83 [0.40, 1.70]

0

—

0

—

Guanfacine

9

0.89 [0.41, 1.94]

7

0.89 [0.38, 2.06]

0

—

0

—

Anxiolytics

6

0.67 [0.18, 2.53]

1

—

1

—

2

—

Benzodiazepines

4

0.97 [0.19, 4.94]

0

—

1

—

2

—

Nonbenzodiazepines

2

—

1

—

0

—

0

—

Psychotropic medications

29

1.47 [1.04, 2.07]

37

0.72 [0.47, 1.09]

212

0.82 [0.77, 0.88]

Antidepressants

22

1.53 [1.07, 2.21]

17

0.89 [0.44, 1.80]

135

0.88 [0.81, 0.95]

SSRIs

7

1.90 [1.10, 3.28]

6

0.94 [0.25, 3.50]

80

0.89 [0.76, 1.04]

Citalopram

0

—

10

0.85 [0.52, 1.40]

Escitalopram

2

—

4

1.21 [0.73, 2.00]

Fluoxetine

6

1.90 [0.79, 2.30]

1

—

40

0.74 [0.63, 0.88]

Paroxetine

3

1.40 [0.22, 8.97]

15

2.42 [1.40, 4.20]

Sertraline

1

—

9

1.02 [0.75, 1.38]

SNRIs

15

1.30 [0.80, 2.11]

7

0.82 [0.31, 2.17]

23

1.00 [0.74, 1.36]

Desvenlafaxine

4

0.63 [0.15, 2.62]

3

0.73 [0.21, 2.47]

4

1.00 [0.51, 1.92]

Duloxetine

9

1.36 [0.79, 2.31]

2

—

9

0.66 [0.42, 1.04]

Venlafaxine

2

—

2

—

8

1.45 [0.92, 2.29]

Multimodal serotonin antagonists

0

—

4

1.00 [0.20, 4.96]

16

0.93 [0.66, 1.31]

Nefazodone

0

—

0

—

1

—

Vilazodone

0

—

0

—

8

0.55 [0.23, 1.29]

Vortioxetine

0

—

4

1.00 [0.20, 4.96]

7

1.02 [0.70, 1.48]

NMDA receptor antagonists

0

—

0

—

7

0.83 [0.54, 1.27]

Esketamine

0

—

0

—

5

0.92 [0.57, 1.48]

Ketamine

0

—

0

—

2

—

Tricyclics and tetracyclics

0

—

0

—

4

0.96 [0.73, 1.26]

NaSSAs

0

—

0

—

0

—

MAOIs

0

—

0

—

1

—

Antipsychotics

3

0.34 [0.05, 2.16]

11

0.66 [0.30, 1.45]

55

0.73 [0.65, 0.82]

Atypical antipsychotics

3

0.34 [0.05, 2.16]

11

0.66 [0.30, 1.45]

55

0.73 [0.65, 0.82]

Aripiprazole

0

—

3

0.30 [0.08, 1.06]

1

—

Asenapine

0

—

0

—

3

0.33 [0.05, 2.12]

Cariprazine

0

—

0

—

2

—

Lurasidone

0

—

0

—

1

—

Olanzapine

0

—

1

—

2

—

Paliperidone

3

0.34 [0.05, 2.16]

3

1.55 [0.24, 9.99]

1

—

Quetiapine

0

—

3

1.01 [0.17, 5.89]

17

0.91 [0.67, 1.25]

Risperidone

0

—

0

—

17

0.75 [0.42, 1.32]

Typical antipsychotics

0

—

0

—

0

—

Psychostimulants for ADHD and narcolepsy

2

—

0

—

3

1.44 [0.38, 5.45]

Armodafinil

0

—

0

—

3

1.44 [0.38, 5.45]

Lisdexamfetamine

1

—

0

—

0

—

Agents for treatment of substance use disorders

0

—

2

—

8

0.42 [0.19, 0.94]

Bupropion

0

—

0

—

1

—

Nalmefene

0

—

1

—

3

0.45 [0.17, 1.16]

Varenicline

0

—

1

—

4

0.46 [0.09, 2.21]

Mood stabilizers

0

—

4

0.78 [0.33, 1.84]

7

0.76 [0.40, 1.45]

Lamotrigine

0

—

1

—

3

1.13 [0.26, 4.98]

Lithium

0

—

1

—

3

0.72 [0.33, 1.58]

Agents for treatment of insomnia

0

—

0

—

2

—

Suvorexant

0

—

0

—

2

—

Nonpsychostimulants for ADHD

2

—

0

—

0

—

Guanfacine

2

—

0

—

0

—

Anxiolytics

0

—

1

—

1

—

Benzodiazepines

0

—

0

—

1

—

Nonbenzodiazepines

0

—

1

—

0

—