Table 5 Moderator analyses for pairwise meta-analyses.

Publication year

0.01

[−0.00, 0.01]

0.01

[−0.00, 0.03]

−0.01

[−0.04, 0.02]

−0.02

[−0.05, 0.01]

1960s–1970s

—

—

—

—

1980s

−1.56

[0.27, 1.16]

—

—

—

—

1990s

1.06

[−0.40, 2.51]

−0.42

[−1.92, 1.59]

1.81

[0.01, 3.60]

2000s

1.46

[0.02, 2.91]

−0.23

[−1.16, 0.70]

0.10

[−2.24, 1.44]

1.52

[−0.08, 3.12]

2010s

1.25

[−0.20, 2.70]

−0.14

[−1.03, 0.76]

−0.22

[−1.58, 1.14]

1.05

[−0.55, 2.65]

2020 s

1.29

[−0.20, 2.70]

0.13

[−0.87, 1.12]

−0.29

[−2.58, 2.00]

0.31

[−2.46, 3.08]

General

Clinical (SITB-excluded)

−0.10

[−0.59, 0.39]

0.20

[−0.43, 0.83]

−0.08

[−1.22, 1.38]

−0.56

[−1.29, 0.16]

Clinical (not SITB-excluded)

−0.06

[−0.55, 0.43]

0.16

[−0.47, 0.79]

−0.22

[−1.49, 1.05]

—

—

SITB

−0.35

[−0.87, 0.16]

−0.00

[−0.73, 0.72]

−0.84

[−2.21, 0.52]

−0.22

[−2.14, 1.70]

Sample age

−0.01

[−0.01, −0.00]

−0.01

[−0.01, −0.00]

−0.02

[−0.04, 0.00]

0.04

[−0.00, 0.08]

Adults only

All age groups

−0.12

[−0.33, 0.09]

—

—

—

—

—

—

Children/adolescents only

0.39

[0.25, 0.54]

0.25

[0.06, 0.44]

0.41

[−0.28, 1.09]

—

—

Mixed adolescents and adults

0.29

[−0.03, 0.61]

0.27

[−0.15, 0.69]

−0.11

[−1.91, 1.69]

−0.26

[−1.88, 1.37]

Mixed older adults and adults

0.09

[−0.04, 0.24]

0.11

[−0.06, 0.28]

0.11

[−0.55, 0.76]

0.24

[−0.38, 0.86]

Older adults only

−0.22

[−0.87, 0.44]

−0.28

[−1.02, 0.46]

−1.64

[−4.89, 1.62]

0.91

[−1.02, 2.84]

Did not report

0.15

[−0.01, 0.31]

−0.14

[−0.40, 0.13]

0.42

[−0.13, 0.97]

0.75

[0.17, 1.34]

Sample sex

0.01

[0.01, 0.01]

0.01

[−0.00, 0.01]

0.01

[0.00, 0.03]

0.02

[−0.00, 0.04]

Sample race (% white)

0.002

[−0.003, 0.01]

0.003

[−0.003, 0.01]

0.01

[−0.01, 0.03]

0.001

[−0.02, 0.03]

Anxiety disorders

−0.04

[−0.11, 0.02]

−0.07

[−0.39, 0.25]

—

—

—

—

Bipolar and related disorders

−0.07

[−0.38, 0.24]

0.13

[−0.07, 0.32]

0.20

[−0.59, 0.99]

−0.52

[−1.39, 0.36]

Conditions for further study

−0.05

[−0.13, 0.21]

−0.00

[−0.78, 0.78]

—

—

—

—

Depressive disorders

Feeding and eating disorders

0.02

[−1.75, 1.80]

−0.41

[−2.52, 1.71]

—

—

—

—

Neurodevelopmental disorders

−0.14

[−0.62, 0.33]

−0.11

[−0.62, 0.40]

—

—

—

—

Obsessive-compulsive disorders

−0.53

[−0.81, −0.24]

1.26

[−1.96, 4.49]

—

—

—

—

Personality disorders

−0.53

[−1.11, 0.06]

—

—

−1.04

[−2.00, −0.07]

−1.32

[−4.57, 1.93]

Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders

−0.27

[−0.41, −0.14]

−0.28

[−0.56, −0.00]

−0.24

[−0.76, 0.28]

−0.41

[−0.88, 0.07]

Sleep-wake disorders

0.15

[−0.51, 0.82]

0.17

[−0.52, 0.85]

—

—

—

—

Substance-related and addictive disorders

−0.34

[−0.77, 0.10]

−0.16

[−0.70, 0.38]

—

—

−0.10

[−1.68, 1.49]

Trauma- and stressor-related disorders

−1.07

[−2.94, 0.80]

−1.03

[−3.32, 1.25]

—

—

—

—

Mixed diagnoses

−0.12

[−0.63, 0.38]

0.06

[−0.65, 0.77]

−0.91

[−2.59, 0.76]

−0.12

[−1.15, 0.91]

Multiple diagnoses

0.39

[−0.79, 1.57]

−0.08

[−1.60, 1.43]

0.11

[−3.30, 3.53]

—

—

Did not report

0.47

[0.20, 0.74]

—

—

—

—

−0.15

[−0.70, 0.40]

Sample substance use exclusion

0.08

[−0.11, 0.26]

−0.07

[−0.31, 0.17]

0.96

[−0.02, 1.94]

−0.42

[−1.90, 1.05]

Sample size

−0.05

[−0.09, −0.01]

−0.08

[−0.16, −0.00]

−0.10

[−0.23, 0.03]

−0.01

[−0.11, 0.08]

Africa

−1.04

[−3.34, 1.26]

−0.95

[−4.18, 2.28]

—

—

—

—

Asia

0.02

[−0.23, 0.27]

0.15

[−0.10, 2.28]

−0.22

[−2.01, 1.57]

−0.69

[−1.86, 0.49]

Europe

−2.00

[−0.49, 0.10]

−0.38

[−0.89, 0.13]

−0.61

[−1.26, 0.03]

−0.12

[−0.89, 0.64]

Multiple sites across continents

−0.06

[−0.17, 0.06]

0.15

[0.00, 0.30]

−0.70

[−1.19, −0.22]

−0.40

[−0.78, −0.02]

North America

Oceania

0.32

[−0.07, 0.71]

0.45

[−0.08, 0.98]

—

—

—

—

South America

−1.06

[−4.34, 2.21]

−0.98

[−4.23, 2.28]

—

—

—

—

Treatment length

−0.11

[−0.16, −0.06]

−0.00

[−0.07, 0.02]

−0.28

[−0.47, −0.08]

−0.27

[−0.47, −0.08]

Psychopathology

SITBs

−0.21

[−0.35, −0.06]

0.04

[−0.23, 0.31]

−0.85

[−1.40, −0.30]

−0.37

[−0.86, 0.12]

Medication only

Medication and psychotherapy

0.23

[−0.06, 0.51]

0.17

[−0.26, 0.61]

0.43

[−1.13, 1.99]

−1.56

[−4.61, 1.49]

Active treatment

Placebo

0.01

[−0.09, 0.12]

−0.12

[−0.26, 0.02]

0.45

[0.01, 0.89]

0.54

[0.14, 0.94]

Small-study effects

0.06

[−0.01, 0.13]

0.02

[−0.11, 0.14]

0.16

[−0.05, 0.36]

−0.01

[−0.19, 0.16]

Publication year

0.11

[−0.01, 0.23]

0.07

[−0.03, 0.17]

0.01

[−0.00, 0.01]

1960s–1970s

—

—

—

—

1980s

—

—

—

—

—

—

1990s

—

—

—

—

0.90

[−2.42, 4.22]

2000s

1.34

[−1.98, 4.66]

2010s

0.11

[−2.02, 2.24]

0.89

[−0.11, 1.90]

1.00

[−2.31, 4.32]

2020 s

—

—

—

—

0.80

[−2.57, 4.17]

General

Clinical (SITB-excluded)

—

—

—

—

−0.02

[−1.98, 1.95]

Clinical (not SITB-excluded)

—

—

—

—

0.13

[−1.83, 2.10]

SITB

—

—

—

—

−0.16

[−2.12, 1.81]

Sample age

0.06

[−0.03, 0.15]

−0.00

[−0.03, 0.03]

−0.01

[−0.01, −0.00]

Adults only

All age groups

—

—

—

—

0.05

[−0.13, 0.23]

Children/adolescents only

−0.89

[−4.12, 2.35]

0.29

[−0.94, 1.53]

0.62

[0.40, 0.85]

Mixed adolescents and adults

−0.22

[−3.50, 3.06]

−1.05

[−3.01, 0.92]

0.09

[−0.57, 0.75]

Mixed older adults and adults

−0.93

[−4.59, 2.73]

0.20

[−1.37, 1.78]

0.08

[−0.12, 0.28]

Older adults only

—

—

—

—

−0.40

[−2.46, 1.66]

Did not report

—

—

0.15

[−1.15, 1.45]

−0.27

[−0.58, 0.04]

Sample sex

−0.03

[−0.02, 0.07]

0.00

[−0.02, 0.03]

0.01

[0.00, 0.02]

Sample race (% white)

0.03

[−0.01, 0.06]

0.003

[−0.04, 0.05]

0.01

[−0.002, 0.01]

Anxiety disorders

0.03

[−1.60, 1.65]

−0.17

[−2.20, 1.78]

−0.11

[−0.81, 2.80]

Bipolar and related disorders

—

—

−0.21

[−1.35, 0.79]

1.00

[−0.60, 0.38]

Conditions for further study

—

—

—

—

—

—

Depressive disorders

Feeding and eating disorders

0.66

[0.57, 3.90]

—

—

—

—

Neurodevelopmental disorders

−0.01

[−1.69, 1.66]

−0.48

[−3.03, 2.06]

−0.95

[−4.18, 2.28]

Obsessive-compulsive disorders

—

—

—

—

−0.46

[−0.73, −0.19]

Personality disorders

—

—

0.49

[−1.98, 0.99]

0.62

[−1.39, 2.62]

Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders

−1.52

[−3.42, 0.38]

0.19

[−1.21, 1.59]

−0.28

[−0.44, −0.13]

Sleep-wake disorders

—

—

—

—

0.50

[−1.77, 2.77]

Substance-related and addictive disorders

—

—

−0.37

[−2.75, 2.02]

−0.69

[−1.51 0.13]

Trauma- and stressor-related disorders

—

—

−0.94

[−4.24, 2.35]

—

—

Mixed diagnoses

—

—

—

—

−0.59

[−2.08, 0.90]

Multiple diagnoses

—

—

—

—

1.54

[−0.68, 3.77]

Did not report

—

—

—

—

0.70

[0.37, 1.02]

Sample substance use exclusion

−0.66

[−1.45, 0.15]

−0.09

[−1.12, 0.95]

0.18

[0.00, 0.37]

Sample size

−0.40

[−0.99, 0.20]

0.05

[−0.47, 0.58]

−0.03

[−0.09, 0.02]

Africa

—

—

−0.60

[−3.95, 2.75]

—

—

Asia

—

—

−0.52

[−1.34, 2.38]

−0.70

[−2.30, 0.90]

Europe

—

—

−0.66

[−2.42, 1.11]

0.10

[−0.60, 0.80]

Multiple sites across continents

−0.06

[−2.21, 2.08]

0.32

[−0.76, 1.41]

−0.17

[−0.31, −0.03]

North America

Oceania

0.59

[−1.62, 2.80]

—

—

−0.23

[−0.91, 0.45]

South America

—

—

—

—

—

—

Treatment length

0.39

[−0.37, 1.15]

0.08

[−0.31, 0.46]

−0.09

[−0.15, −0.03]

Psychopathology

SITBs

−0.63

[−1.38, 0.11]

—

—

−0.16

[−0.30, −0.01]

Intervention components

Medication only

Medication and psychotherapy

0.65

[−0.14, 1.45]

0.42

[−1.14, 1.98]

0.16

[−0.23, 0.55]

Active treatment

Placebo

−0.15

[−0.85, 0.55]

0.15

[−0.71, 1.01]

0.04

[−0.10, 0.18]

Small-study effects

−0.10

[−0.54, 0.34]

0.13

[−0.34, 0.59]

0.07

[−0.06, 0.20]