Table 1 Demographic Characteristics and Psychological Scales.
From: The gut microbiome in social anxiety disorder: evidence of altered composition and function
SAD (n = 31) | Controls (n = 18) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years); mean (SD) | 36.0 (11.96) | 41.7 (10.79) | 0.10 |
Gender; % female (n) | 48.4 (15) | 66.7 (12) | 0.25 |
Race; % Caucasian (n) | 100 (31) | 94.4 (17) | 0.37 |
Years of Education; mean (SD) | 17.32 (4.32) | 19.25 (4.89) | 0.16 |
Delivery mode at birth | |||
• Vaginal | 74.2 (23) | 83.3 (15) | 0.74 |
• Caesarean section | 6.5 (2) | 5.6 (1) | |
• Unknown | 19.3 (6) | 11.1 (2) | |
BMI (kg/m2); mean (SD) | 28.02 (5.0) | 24.22 (4.49) | 0.01 * |
Alcohol (units per week); mean (SD) | 5.52 (7.4) | 2.63 (3.1) | 0.78 |
Alcohol categories; % (n) | |||
• 0–3 units/week | 58.1 (18) | 72.2 (13) | 0.21 |
• 4–9 units/week | 16.1 (5) | 22.2 (4) | |
• ≥ 10 units/week | 25.8 (8) | 5.6 (1) | |
Smoking status; % smokers (n) | 12.9 (4) | 5.6 (1) | 0.64 |
Exercise (IPAQ score); mean (SD) | 3143.89 (3769.34) | 5816.17 (4650.98) | 0.04 * |
Exercise (IPAQ category); % (n) | |||
• Low | 25.8 (8) | 5.6 (1) | 0.054 |
• Moderate | 35.5 (11) | 16.7 (3) | |
• High | 38.7 (12) | 66.7 (12) | |
Bristol Stool Chart; % (n) | |||
• Score 1 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.50 |
• Score 2 | 22.6 (7) | 11.1 (2) | |
• Score 3 | 32.3 (10) | 38.9 (7) | |
• Score 4 | 29.0 (9) | 38.9 (7) | |
• Score 5 | 6.4 (2) | 11.1 (2) | |
• Score 6 | 9.7 (3) | 0 (0) | |
Comorbidity: % (n) | |||
Past history of MDD | 74.2 (23) | 0 (0) | <0.0005 * |
Other anxiety disorder (total) | 35.5 (11) | 0 (0) | |
• Agoraphobia | 22.6 (7) | <0.0005 * | |
• GAD | 6.5 (2) | ||
• Panic Disorder | 3.2 (1) | ||
• Multiple | 3.2 (1) | ||
Psychotropic medication % (n) | |||
• No medication | 32.3 (10) | 100 (18) | <0.0005 * |
• Taking medication | 67.7 (21) | 0 (0) | |
◦ SSRI | 48.4 (15) | ||
◦ SNRI | 9.7 (3) | ||
◦ Other regular anxiolytic | 22.6 (7) | ||
◦ As required Beta-blocker | 12.9 (4) | ||
◦ As required Benzodiazepine | 6.4 (2) | ||
Social anxiety scale scores | |||
LSAS; mean (SD) | |||
• Fear Subscale | 44.94 (11.91) | 10.67 (10.31) | <0.0005 * |
• Avoidance subscale | 38.16 (13.47) | 8.33 (10.54) | <0.0005 * |
• Social interaction subscale | 39.13 (13.19) | 9.2 (10.38) | <0.0005 * |
• Performance subscale | 43.68 (14.04) | 9.67 (9.71) | <0.0005 * |
• Total | 83.13 (24.77) | 19 (19.61) | <0.0005 * |
