Table 3 Conditional growth mixture modeling (GMM) results of depressive symptom trajectories.

Gender

Male

–

1

1

1

Female

–

1.176 (0.476, 2.905)

0.664 (0.279, 1.584)

1.411 (0.759, 2.622)

Age

55 or above

–

1

1

1

45–54

–

3.500 (0.119, 103.211)

7.198 (0.491, 105.425)

4.841 (0.451, 51.924)

35–44

–

3.778 (0.161, 88.814)

13.043 (1.042, 163.319)

16.508 (1.665, 163.707)

25–34

–

2.993 (0.123, 73.089)

13.403 (1.033, 173.854)

19.207 (1.841, 200.429)

15–24

–

1.308 (0.051, 33.299)

15.331 (1.061, 221.491)

25.761 (2.310, 287.275)

Education

Tertiary or above

–

1

1

1

Secondary or below

–

1.113 (0.392, 3.157)

0.671 (0.243, 1.849)

1.732 (0.829, 3.617)

Marital status

Married

–

1

1

1

Single/divorced/widowed

–

0.951 (0.273, 3.317)

0.758 (0.274, 2.101)

1.188 (0.545, 2.590)

Employment

Employed

–

1

1

1

Dependent

–

2.820 (0.753, 10.568)

1.073 (0.330, 3.492)

0.738 (0.293, 1.863)

Unemployed

–

2.001 (0.285, 14.073)

0.519 (0.121, 2.223)

1.382 (0.431, 4.424)

Income†

$60,000 or above

–

1

1

1

$40,000–$59,999

–

1.295 (0.347, 4.828)

0.906 (0.274, 2.992)

0.511 (0.211, 1.233)

$20,000–$39,999

–

0.559 (0.170, 1.839)

0.726 (0.216, 2.438)

0.300 (0.125, 0.718)

$19,999 or below

–

2.189 (0.375, 12.785)

0.931 (0.233, 3.721)

0.486 (0.166, 1.426)

Personal

Low-Low (Persistent low)‡

–

2.874 (0.824, 10.032)

5.625 (1.711, 18.492)

5.294 (2.106, 13.308)

High-Low (Loss)‡

–

0.239 (0.031, 1.836)

0.849 (0.122, 5.925)

1.064 (0.196, 5.791)

Low-High (Gain)§

–

4.088 (0.558, 29.937)

1.276 (0.350, 4.656)

0.787 (0.381, 1.627)

High-High (Persistent high)§

–

0.348 (0.100, 1.214)

0.178 (0.054, 0.584)

0.189 (0.075, 0.475)

Social

Low-Low (Persistent low)‡

–

1.230 (0.308, 4.909)

3.161 (0.934, 10.704)

7.399 (2.757, 19.856)

High-Low (Loss)‡

–

11.923 (0.592, 240.254)

9.521 (1.530, 59.247)

6.854 (2.097, 22.406)

Low-High (Gain)§

–

1.176 (0.273, 5.074)

0.547 (0.135, 2.216)

0.338 (0.117, 0.979)

High-High (Persistent high)§

–

0.813 (0.204, 3.244)

0.316 (0.093, 1.071)

0.135 (0.050, 0.363)

Financial

Low-Low (Persistent low)‡

–

1.479 (0.407, 5.377)

5.064 (1.437, 17.849)

6.022 (2.290, 15.838)

High-Low (Loss)‡

–

2.446 (0.358, 16.685)

3.677 (0.654, 20.659)

5.739 (1.493, 22.054)

Low-High (Gain)§

–

1.226 (0.323, 4.653)

0.379 (0.117, 1.232)

0.430 (0.186, 0.997)

High-High (Persistent high)§

–

0.676 (0.186, 2.459)

0.197 (0.056, 0.696)

0.166 (0.063, 0.437)

Gender

Male

1

–

1

1

Female

0.850 (0.344, 2.101)

–

0.565 (0.245, 1.304)

1.200 (0.580, 2.483)

Age

55 or above

1

–

1

1

45–54

0.286 (0.010, 8.424)

–

2.056 (0.226, 18.696)

1.383 (0.173, 11.027)

35–44

0.265 (0.011, 6.221)

–

3.452 (0.497, 24.001)

4.369 (0.659, 28.967)

25–34

0.334 (0.014, 8.159)

–

4.478 (0.648, 30.932)

6.417 (0.960, 42.903)

15–24

0.765 (0.030, 19.464)

–

11.721 (1.581, 86.882)

19.696 (2.901, 133.697)

Education

Tertiary or above

1

–

1

1

Secondary or below

0.899 (0.317, 2.550)

–

0.603 (0.229, 1.586)

1.556 (0.678, 3.571)

Marital status

Married

1

–

1

1

Single/divorced/widowed

1.052 (0.302, 3.669)

–

0.798 (0.270, 2.353)

1.250 (0.457, 3.416)

Employment

Employed

1

–

1

1

Dependent

0.355 (0.095, 1.329)

–

0.381 (0.125, 1.156)

0.262 (0.094, 0.727)

Unemployed

0.500 (0.071, 3.513)

–

0.259 (0.046, 1.452)

0.690 (0.128, 3.729)

Income†

$60,000 or above

1

–

1

1

$40,000–$59,999

0.772 (0.207, 2.880)

–

0.700 (0.215, 2.279)

0.394 (0.138, 1.123)

$20,000–$39,999

1.788 (0.544, 5.876)

–

1.297 (0.419, 4.020)

0.536 (0.206, 1.392)

$19,999 or below

0.457 (0.078, 2.668)

–

0.425 (0.085, 2.140)

0.222 (0.048, 1.025)

Personal

Low-Low (Persistent low)‡

0.348 (0.100, 1.214)

–

1.957 (0.716, 5.351)

1.842 (0.776, 4.372)

High-Low (Loss)‡

4.188 (0.545, 32.198)

–

3.554 (1.082, 11.679)

4.457 (1.513, 13.130)

Low-High (Gain)§

0.245 (0.033, 1.791)

–

0.312 (0.039, 2.486)

0.193 (0.028, 1.343)

High-High (Persistent high)§

2.874 (0.824, 10.032)

–

0.511 (0.187, 1.397)

0.543 (0.229, 1.289)

Social

Low-Low (Persistent low)‡

0.813 (0.204, 3.244)

–

2.570 (0.931, 7.092)

6.014 (2.438, 14.838)

High-Low (Loss)‡

0.084 (0.004, 1.690)

–

0.799 (0.046, 13.937)

0.575 (0.039, 8.519)

Low-High (Gain)§

0.850 (0.197, 3.667)

–

0.465 (0.131, 1.648)

0.287 (0.096, 0.861)

High-High (Persistent high)§

1.230 (0.308, 4.909)

–

0.389 (0.141, 1.074)

0.166 (0.067, 0.410)

Financial

Low-Low (Persistent low)‡

0.676 (0.186, 2.459)

–

3.424 (1.204, 9.741)

4.072 (1.693, 9.794)

High-Low (Loss)‡

0.409 (0.060, 2.789)

–

1.503 (0.284, 7.955)

2.347 (0.503, 10.941)

Low-High (Gain)§

0.816 (0.215, 3.095)

–

0.309 (0.091, 1.053)

0.351 (0.118, 1.047)

High-High (Persistent high)§

1.479 (0.407, 5.377)

–

0.292 (0.103, 0.831)

0.246 (0.102, 0.591)

Gender

Male

1

1

–

1

Female

1.505 (0.631, 3.588)

1.770 (0.767, 4.084)

–

2.123 (1.182, 3.814)

Age

55 or above

1

1

–

1

45–54

0.139 (0.009, 2.035)

0.486 (0.053, 4.421)

–

0.672 (0.238, 1.898)

35–44

0.077 (0.006, 0.960)

0.290 (0.042, 2.014)

–

1.266 (0.529, 3.027)

25–34

0.075 (0.006, 0.968)

0.223 (0.032, 1.542)

–

1.433 (0.607, 3.381)

15–24

0.065 (0.005, 0.942)

0.085 (0.012, 0.632)

–

1.680 (0.626, 4.511)

Education

Tertiary or above

1

1

–

1

Secondary or below

1.491 (0.541, 4.112)

1.659 (0.631, 4.367)

–

2.583 (1.296, 5.149)

Marital status

Married

1

1

–

1

Single/divorced/widowed

1.319 (0.476, 3.654)

1.254 (0.425, 3.700)

–

1.567 (0.826, 2.975)

Employment

Employed

1

1

–

1

Dependent

0.932 (0.286, 3.031)

2.627 (0.865, 7.979)

–

0.688 (0.344, 1.375)

Unemployed

1.928 (0.450, 8.258)

3.858 (0.689, 21.615)

–

2.663 (1.008, 7.033)

Income†

$60,000 or above

1

1

–

1

$40,000–$59,999

1.104 (0.334, 3.647)

1.429 (0.439, 4.657)

–

0.564 (0.259, 1.225)

$20,000–$39,999

1.378 (0.410, 4.629)

0.771 (0.249, 2.389)

–

0.413 (0.184, 0.929)

$19,999 or below

1.074 (0.269, 4.289)

2.351 (0.467, 11.823)

–

0.522 (0.223, 1.223)

Personal

Low-Low (Persistent low)‡

0.178 (0.054, 0.584)

0.511 (0.187, 1.397)

–

0.941 (0.461, 1.920)

High-Low (Loss)‡

1.178 (0.169, 8.226)

0.281 (0.086, 0.925)

–

1.254 (0.548, 2.870)

Low-High (Gain)§

0.784 (0.215, 2.860)

3.204 (0.402, 25.525)

–

0.617 (0.206, 1.849)

High-High (Persistent high)§

5.625 (1.711, 18.492)

1.957 (0.716, 5.351)

–

1.062 (0.521, 2.167)

Social

Low-Low (Persistent low)‡

0.316 (0.093, 1.071)

0.389 (0.141, 1.074)

–

2.341 (1.222, 4.484)

High-Low (Loss)‡

0.105 (0.017, 0.654)

1.252 (0.072, 21.856)

–

0.720 (0.200, 2.593)

Low-High (Gain)§

1.827 (0.451, 7.397)

2.149 (0.607, 7.609)

–

0.617 (0.257, 1.486)

High-High (Persistent high)§

3.161 (0.934, 10.704)

2.570 (0.931, 7.092)

–

0.427 (0.223, 0.818)

Financial

Low-Low (Persistent low)‡

0.197 (0.056, 0.696)

0.292 (0.103, 0.831)

–

1.189 (0.563, 2.514)

High-Low (Loss)‡

0.272 (0.048, 1.528)

0.665 (0.126, 3.520)

–

1.561 (0.555, 4.389)

Low-High (Gain)§

2.636 (0.811, 8.563)

3.232 (0.950, 10.998)

–

1.134 (0.497, 2.592)

High-High (Persistent high)§

5.064 (1.437, 17.849)

3.424 (1.204, 9.741)

–

0.841 (0.398, 1.778)

Gender

Male

1

1

1

–

Female

0.709 (0.381, 1.317)

0.833 (0.403, 1.725)

0.471 (0.262, 0.846)

–

Age

55 or above

1

1

1

–

45–54

0.207 (0.019, 2.216)

0.723 (0.091, 5.766)

1.487 (0.527, 4.196)

–

35–44

0.061 (0.006, 0.601)

0.229 (0.035, 1.517)

0.790 (0.330, 1.889)

–

25–34

0.052 (0.005, 0.543)

0.156 (0.023, 1.042)

0.698 (0.296, 1.646)

–

15–24

0.039 (0.003, 0.433)

0.051 (0.007, 0.345)

0.595 (0.222, 1.598)

–

Education

Tertiary or above

1

1

1

–

Secondary or below

0.577 (0.276, 1.206)

0.642 (0.280, 1.474)

0.387 (0.194, 0.772)

–

Marital status

Married

1

1

1

–

Single/divorced/widowed

0.842 (0.386, 1.834)

0.800 (0.293, 2.187)

0.638 (0.336, 1.211)

–

Employment

Employed

1

1

1

–

Dependent

1.355 (0.537, 3.419)

3.820 (1.375, 10.613)

1.454 (0.727, 2.908)

–

Unemployed

0.724 (0.226, 2.318)

1.449 (0.268, 7.825)

0.376 (0.142, 0.992)

–

Income†

$60,000 or above

1

1

1

–

$40,000–$59,999

1.959 (0.811, 4.732)

2.536 (0.890, 7.226)

1.774 (0.817, 3.855)

–

$20,000–$39,999

3.336 (1.392, 7.991)

1.866 (0.718, 4.849)

2.421 (1.077, 5.442)

–

$19,999 or below

2.056 (0.701, 6.026)

4.500 (0.976, 20.748)

1.915 (0.818, 4.483)

–

Personal

Low-Low (Persistent low)‡

0.189 (0.075, 0.475)

0.543 (0.229, 1.289)

1.062 (0.521, 2.167)

–

High-Low (Loss)‡

0.940 (0.173, 5.113)

0.224 (0.076, 0.661)

0.797 (0.348, 1.825)

–

Low-High (Gain)§

1.271 (0.615, 2.626)

5.194 (0.744, 36.249)

1.621 (0.541, 4.858)

–

High-High (Persistent high)§

5.294 (2.106, 13.308)

1.842 (0.776, 4.372)

0.941 (0.461, 1.920)

–

Social

Low-Low (Persistent low)‡

0.135 (0.050, 0.363)

0.166 (0.067, 0.410)

0.427 (0.223, 0.818)

–

High-Low (Loss)‡

0.146 (0.045, 0.477)

1.740 (0.117, 25.782)

1.389 (0.386, 5.003)

–

Low-High (Gain)§

2.959 (1.022, 8.572)

3.481 (1.161, 10.436)

1.620 (0.673, 3.897)

–

High-High (Persistent high)§

7.399 (2.757, 19.856)

6.014 (2.438, 14.838)

2.341 (1.222, 4.484)

–

Financial

Low-Low (Persistent low)‡

0.166 (0.063, 0.437)

0.246 (0.102, 0.591)

0.841 (0.398, 1.778)

–

High-Low (Loss)‡

0.174 (0.045, 0.670)

0.426 (0.091, 1.987)

0.641 (0.228, 1.801)

–

Low-High (Gain)§

2.324 (1.003, 5.384)

2.849 (0.955, 8.499)

0.882 (0.386, 2.014)

–

High-High (Persistent high)§

6.022 (2.290, 15.838)

4.072 (1.693, 9.794)

1.189 (0.563, 2.514)

–