Fig. 2: Directed acyclic graph depicting the relationships between stress and stress-related psychopathology and GrimAA.

Green lines indicate causal or mediating paths. Pink lines indicate confounding paths. Minimally sufficient adjustment set (MSAS) for direct effect of stress and stress-related psychopathology on GrimAA = Tobacco Use + Alcohol Use + BMI + Physical Activity + Medical Illness + Blood Cell Composition + Sex + Race + Adult SES. MSAS for Total Effect = Adult SES + Race + Sex. Generated with daggity.net, modified for clarity. Supplementary Materials include code to reconstruct this DAG at dagitty.net.