Fig. 3: Comparison of emotion severity in reaction to negative and neutral stimuli in MDD and controls.

The left column shows emotion severity from 1 to 4 when subjects encounter negative or neutral stimuli. The left column shows the observed number of responses (striped) and expected number of responses (dotted) according to the chi distribution. The Chi-square test’s Z-normalized (standardized) Pearson residuals show significant differences between observed and expected responses. In the right column, standardized Pearson residuals show whether the observed response is significantly different from the expected response according to the chi-square distribution. The horizontal solid line represents the p = 0.05 cut-off for z-normal standardized residuals. The horizontal dotted line represents p = 0.001, and dot-dashed line represents the p = 0.0001 cut-off. A During negative stimuli with attending, group difference is related to emotion severity in the Chi-square test. B The MDD group shows strong emotional reaction to negative stimuli while attending. C During negative stimuli with reappraising, group difference is shown in emotion severity in the Chi-square test. D During reappraising the negative stimuli, the control group shows weak emotional response (1), whereas the MDD group exhibits moderate response (3). E While attending the neutral stimuli, group difference is shown in emotion severity in the Chi-square test. F the MDD group exhibits higher emotional response to neutral stimuli, whereas the control group did not show such pattern. Asterisks implies significance; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01,***p <0.001, **** p < 0.0001.