Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants.

From: Patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder display a similar global gene expression signature in whole blood that reflects elevated proportion of immature neutrophil cells with association to lipid changes

 

Schizophrenia

Bipolar disorder

Healthy controls

p-value

Participants, n

329

203

189

 

Age (years), mean (SD)

30.4 (9.6)*

33.9 (11.7)

32.6 (8.7)

<0.008

Sex, n (%):

    

Male

211 (64.1)

82 (40.4)*

115 (60.8)

<0.001

Female

118 (35.9)

121 (59.6)

74 (39.2)

 

Ethnicity, n (%):

    

European

267 (81.2)*

181 (89.2)*

187 (98.9)*

<0.01

Non-European

62 (18.8)

22 (10.8)

2 (1.1)

 

Diagnosis of schizophrenia, n (%):

    

Schizophrenia

238 (72.3)

NA

NA

 

Schizoaffective

61 (18.5)

   

Schizophreniform

30 (9.1)

   

Diagnosis of bipolar disorder, n (%):

    

Bipolar I

NA

147 (72.4)

NA

 

Bipolar II

 

44 (21.7)

  

Bipolar NOS

 

12 (5.9)

  

Age of onset psychosis (years), mean (SD)

23.7 (7.9)

26.8 (9.5)

NA

0.001

Based on data from n (%) subjects:

312 (94.8)

129 (63.5)

  

PANSS, mean (SD)

64.1 (16.9)

45.1 (9.7)

NA

<0.001

Current antipsychotic users, n (%)

281 (85.4)

112 (55.2)

NA

0.002

Aripiprazole

46

12

  

Clozapine

10

0

  

Olanzapine

93

53

  

Paliperidone

10

0

  

Quetiapine

61

37

  

Risperidone

35

4

  

Othera)

26

6

  

Non-users

48

91

  

Current lithium users, n (%)

10 (3.0)

37 (18.2)

NA

<0.001

Tobacco, n (%):

    

Smokers (daily use)

164 (49.8)

95 (46.8)

23 (12.2)*

<0.02

Non-smokers

160 (48.6)

106 (52.2)

50 (26.5)

 

NA

5 (1.5)

2 (1.0)

116 (61.4)

 

BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)

26.6 (5.1)*

25.0 (4.5)

24.9 (3.9)

˂0.032

Based on data from n (%) subjects:

175 (53.2)

93 (45.8)

35 (18.5)

 

CRP (mg/L), mean (SD)

2.1 (2.1)

1.9 (1.9)

1.4 (1.6)*

<0.008

  1. Statistical difference between groups was calculated by diagnosis vs HC, except for measurements that were only available/relevant for patients, i.e., age of onset, medication, and PANSS. Statistical models used were Chi square and pairwise t test.
  2. BMI body mass index, n number of subjects, NA not applicable, NOS not otherwise specified, SD standard deviation.
  3. * Indicates which group is significantly different from the other two.
  4. aOther antipsychotics (less than 10 users in both patient groups): Amisulpride, Chlorprothixene, Flupentixol, Perphenazine, Sertindole, Ziprasidone, Zuklopentixol.
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