Table 1 Independent factors associated with the presence of probable PTSD after multivariate analysis.

From: Post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression and burnout in nursing home staff in South France during the COVID-19 pandemic

N = 494*

Probable PTSD, Noƚ. /Total No. (%)

Univariate analysisǂ

Multivariate analysis* (N = 472)

OR (95% CI)

p-value

AOR (95% CI)§

p-value

Staff characteristics

Fear for managing COVID-19 residents

     

No/Somewhat

43/293 (14.7)

1 [Reference]

<0.0001

1 [Reference]

0.0002

Moderately

22/96 (22.9)

1.8 (1.0–3.1)

 

2.1 (1.1–3.9)

 

A lot

41/99 (41.4)

4.1 (2.4–6.9)

 

3.5 (1.9–6.4)

 

Missing Data

6 (1.2)

    

Conflicts with colleagues

     

Never/rarely/sometimes

81/448 (18.1)

1 [Reference]

<0.0001

1 [Reference]

0.001

Frequently/very frequently

23/40 (57.5)

5.9 (3.0–11.8)

 

3.9 (1.6–9.0)

 

Missing data

6 (1.2)

    

Conflicts with residents

     

Never/rarely/sometimes

74/416 (17.8)

1 [Reference]

<0.0001

1 [Reference]

0.008

Frequently/very frequently

31/73 (42.5)

3.4 (2.0–5.9)

 

2.3 (1.2–4.4)

 

Missing data

5 (1.0)

    

Reaction to holiday cancellation

     

- Not concerned/It’s normal, I’m there for that, I’m useful to the residents/It’s part of the job, but it’s difficult, I’m tired

74/408 (18.1)

1 [Reference]

<0.0001

1 [Reference]

0.002

- This is part of the job but I think that there are not enough of us and it is always the same people who work more

11/47 (23.4)

1.4 (0.7–2.8)

 

0.9 (0.4–2.1)

 

- I’m so tired that I’m thinking of changing my assignment or job

18/28 (64.3)

8.1 (3.6–18.3)

 

4.8 (2.0–11.7)

 

Missing data

11 (2.2)

    

Nursing homes characteristics

Level of severity of the episode

     

FREE-COVID/unqualified episode

74/312 (23.7)

1 [Reference]

0.13

1 [Reference]

0.03

Severe episode/critical episode

32/178 (18.0)

0.7 (0.4–1.1)

 

0.5 (0.3–0.9)

 

Missing data

4 (0.8)

    

Use of temporary workers before the pandemic

     

No

22/167 (13.2)

1 [Reference]

0.001

1 [Reference]

0.002

Sometimes

52/218 (23.9)

2.1 (1.2–3.6)

 

1.6 (0.9–3.0)

 

Often

32/98 (32.7)

3.2 (1.7–5.9)

 

3.4 (1.7–6.9)

 

Missing data

11 (2.2)

    
  1. This table shows only independent factors significantly associated with the presence of probable PTSD after multivariate analysis.
  2. Other variables included in the initial model but not significantly associated with the presence of probable PTSD are listed below:
  3. - Age (<30 and ≥50 versus 30–49).
  4. - Housing type (apartment versus house).
  5. - Possession of an exterior to the dwelling (No versus yes).
  6. - Frequency of information during the pandemic compared to before (less often versus with the same frequency versus more often).
  7. - Feelings about the communication of COVID-19 pandemic medical data by the media (medium or total confidence versus distrust and low confidence).
  8. - Feelings on media communication about personal preventing measures (medium or total confidence versus distrust and low confidence).
  9. - Feelings on media communication about the means to fight measures (medium or total confidence versus distrust and low confidence).
  10. - Perception of information about the pandemic in the center (insufficient versus medium versus excellent).
  11. - Perception of the level of personal protective equipment (insufficient versus medium versus sufficient).
  12. - Personal shortage (never/rarely/sometimes versus frequently/very frequently).
  13. - Conflicts with resident relatives (never/rarely/sometimes versus frequently/very frequently).
  14. - Accompanying COVID residents at the end-of-life (No versus Yes).
  15. - People at risk for severe COVID-19 (No versus Yes).
  16. - Transfer of COVID residents to another institution (No versus Yes).
  17. *According to the order of appearance of the survey forms, an imbalance in the completion rate was noted between the first questionnaire (PCL-5) and the last form (Socio-demographic questionnaire used to research the factors associated with the psychological disorders studied) (higher completion rate for the first questionnaire). In order to evaluate the prevalence associated with psychological disorders, all the answers filled in for each scale of evaluation of the latter were taken into account, although the questionnaire was not completed in full. For this reason, a difference in the numbers analyzed (between those for the prevalence of post-traumatic stress and those for the analysis of associated factors) is observed (see Fig. 1). The search for factors associated with the occurrence of psychological disorders was carried out on 494 people (those who completed all the survey forms).
  18. PTSD Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.
  19. ƚNo./Total No.: Number of observations/Total number of observations.
  20. ǂThe results presented correspond to the pre-selection of variables at p-value ≤ 20%. A second selection of variables was made at the 5% threshold and then integrated into the multivariate model.
  21. §AOR: Adjusted odd ratio for all the variables of the table with 95% confidence interval.
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