Fig. 1: Developmental changes of cerebral NAD content and NAD⁺/NADH ratio in gclm-KO and WT mice.

Changes of NAD content and redox ratio in gclm-KO and WT mice during brain development. a Study scheme presenting the different time-points and their corresponding developmental stages at which mice were scanned. b Summed ³¹P-MRS spectra (see the zoom on α-ATP and NAD spectral region) where the developmental changes of NAD⁺ and NADH can be visually observed along with age (from P20 to P250) in WT and gclm-KO mice. c NAD⁺, NADH, NAD⁺/NADH, and total NAD levels from P20 to P250 in WT and gclm-KO mouse brain. Significant increase of NAD⁺ at P20 and P90, and NAD⁺/NADH at P90 as compared to age-matched WT. At P250, a decrease of NAD⁺/NADH is observed in the gclm-KO as compared to P90, while in WT a stable NAD⁺ and decrease in NADH lead to an increase in RR. Switch of NAD⁺/NADH regulation in gclm-KO mice. d shows a stable increase of NAD⁺/NADH in WT, and an increase of NAD⁺/NADH until early adulthood followed by a decrease during adulthood in gclm-KO. e Slopes of the segmented regression depict the difference between WT and gclm-KO mice (**p = 0.005), where a switch in NAD⁺/NADH occurs after early adulthood (P90) in gclm-KO, but not in WT.