Table 2 Spearman’s Correlation of Important Microbes with APNS Outcomes.
Predictors | PTSD | Depression | Somatic Symptoms | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Bifidobacterium adolescentis | 0.286 | 0.216 | 0.0704 | • Produces GABA in the gut [69] • Induction of Th17 cells in mice [70] • Decreased in Crohn’s Disease [71] • Lower abundance in children with autism spectrum disorder [72] |
Bifidobacterium longum | 0.34 | 0.259 | 0.251 | • GABA production in vivo [73] • Anxiolytic effect through the vagus nerve in mice [57] • Lower abundance in children with autism spectrum disorder [72] • Strain specific induction of cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells [74] |
Bifidobacterium bifidum | 0.185 | NA | NA | • Th17 inducing profile [75] • Lower abundance in children with autism spectrum disorder [72] |
Parabacteroides merdae | 0.176 | 0.226 | NA | • Indole negative [76] • Rarely associated with infections[77] • Branched-chain amino acid catabolism by P. merdae reduces atherosclerotic lesions [78] |
Flavonifractor plautii | 0.207 | 0.177 | 0.173 | • In mice, suppresses Th2 immune response [79] • [80] • Genera found to be enriched in those with active major depressive disorder (MDD) [63] |
Adlercreutzia equolifaciens | 0.0195 | NA | NA | • Strain specific equol production [81] |
Ruminococcus gnavus | 0.441 | 0.335 | NA | • Increased in Crohn’s Disease [71] • Depleted genera level in active MDD [63] |
Alistipes finegoldii | 0.198 | NA | NA | • Can hydrolyze tryptophan to indole; Succinic acid producer in vitro with minor acetic and propionic acid; bile-resistant, esculin-negative; catalase-negative; nitrogen-reductase negative [82, 83] • Enriched in colorectal cancer [84] • Main cellular fatty acid 13-metyltetradecanoic acid (iso-C15:0) • Genera Increased abundance in active MDD patients compared to healthy controls [63] |
Eubacterium eligens | −0.216 | NA | -0.14 | • Decreased in COVID-19 health care workers with higher stress scores [49] • Anti-inflammatory related [85] |
Firmicutes bacterium CAG 110 | −0.182 | NA | NA | • Identified in livestock [86] |
Alistipes indistinctus | −0.0339 | NA | NA | • Unable to hydrolyze tryptophan to indole; susceptible to bile; catalase-positive; urease and nitrogen reductase-negative; Succinic and acetic acid producer in vitro [83] • Main cellular fatty acid 13-metyltetradecanoic acid (iso-C15:0) • Genera Increased abundance in active MDD patients compared to healthy controls [63] |
Bacteroides massiliensis | −0.0271 | NA | NA | • Phocaeicola massiliensis • Genera increased in health controls vs. active MDD patients [63] |
Slackia isoflavoniconvertens | −0.221 | NA | NA | • Capable of equol production [87] |
Desulfovibrio piger | NA | NA | −0.183 | • Sulfur-reducing bacteria associated with inflammatory bowel disease [88] |
Blautia wexlerae | NA | NA | 0.0584 | • Inversely correlated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus [89] • Decreased abundance in progressive multiple sclerosis [90] |
Intestinimonas butyriciproducens | NA | NA | −0.155 | • Butyrate production [91] |
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron | NA | NA | −0.172 | • Genera increased in healthy controls vs. active MDD patients [63] |
Parabacteroides goldsteinii | NA | NA | −0.155 | • Anti-inflammatory and decreased in chronic inflammatory diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; negatively associates with severity) [92] and chronic kidney disease [93] |
Pseudoflavonifractor sp An184 | NA | NA | −0.215 | • Positively associated with weight loss [94] |
Streptococcus thermophilus | NA | NA | 0.0866 | |
Clostridium symbiosum | NA | 0.204 | 0.163 | • Increased abundance in early colorectal cancer [95] |
Lactobacillus acidophilus | NA | NA | −0.21 | |
Bacteroides vulgatus | NA | 0.115 | NA | • Genera increased in healthy controls vs. active MDD patients [63] |
Anaerostipes hadrus | NA | −0.0635 | NA | |
Dialister invisus | NA | 0.0954 | NA | • [80] • Genera increased in healthy controls vs. active MDD patients [63] |
Bacteroides ovatus | NA | 0.194 | NA | |
Bilophila wadsworthia | NA | 0.274 | NA | |
Eubacterium ramulus | NA | −0.096 | NA | |
Roseburia hominis | NA | 0.102 | NA | |
Lawsonibacter asaccharolyticus | NA | −0.0814 | NA |
