Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis.
Study | Country | Definition of disorder | Scale score of patients | Sample size n | Mean age | % Female | Mean BMI | Smoking | Alcohol | Medicated | Sequencing | Diversity assessments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aizawa et al. [23] | Japan | DSM-IV HDRS | 16.9(6.8) | P: 43 HC: 57 | P: 39.4 HC: 42.3 | P: 41.9 HC: 61.4 | P:23.2 HC: 22.2 | Nr | Nr | Yes | 16S rRNA-targeted RT-qPCR | α: not measured β: not measured |
Bai et al. [24] | China | DSM-IV HDRS | 25.3 (6.0) | P: 60 HC: 60 | P: 35.6 HC: 35.1 | P: 65.0 HC: 60.0 | P: 20.9 HC: 21.2 | Nr | No | No | 16S rRNA Nr | α: Chao1., Shannon, Simpson, PD β: measured, not reported |
Caso et al. [25] | Spain | DSM-IV-TR HDRS | 21.17 | P: 46 HC: 45 | P: 42.1 HC: 44.7 | P: 78.3 HC: 75.5 | <30 | Yes | Yes | Yes | 16S rRNA V3-V4 | α: Shannon β: Jaccard,Bray-Curtis |
Chahwan et al. [26] | Australia | M.I.N.I BDI | 28.4(9.9) | P: 71 HC: 20 | P: 36.0 HC:36.0 | P: 69.0 HC: 75.0 | Nr | Yes | Yes | Yes | 16S rRNA V3-V4 | α: Observed sp., Chao1, Shannon β: UniFrac (weighted) |
Chen et al. [28] | China | DSM-IV HDRS | 25.6(4.7) | P: 10 HC: 10 | P: 43.9 HC:39.6 | P: 50.0 HC: 50.0 | P: 23.5 HC: 22.6 | No | No | Yes | Metaproteomics | α: not measured β: not measured |
Chen et al. [27] | China | DSM-5 HDRS | 28.0(4.6) | P: 62 HC: 46 | P: 39.6 HC: 36.9 | P: 100.0 HC: 100.0 | P: 22.0 HC: 22.2 | No | No | No | 16S rRNA V3-V4 Shotgun Metagenomics | α: Observed sp., Chao1, ACE, Shannon, Simpson β: UniFrac (weighted & unweighted) |
Chen et al. [88] | Taiwan | DSM-5 BDI | 16.6 (14.6) | P: 10 HC: 10 | P: 40.9 HC: 38.2 | P: 80.0 HC: 70.0 | P: 20.8 HC: 22.0 | Nr | Nr | Yes | 16S rRNA V4 and V3-V4 | α: Richness, Shannon β: Bray-Curtis |
Chung et al. [29] | Taiwan | DSM-5 BDI | 19.2 (12.5) | P: 36 HC: 37 | P: 45.8 HC: 41.2 | P: 82.4 HC: 62.2 | P: 22.8 HC: 24.0 | Yes | Nr | Yes | 16S rRNA V3-V4 | α: Observed sp., Chao1, Shannon, PD β: UniFrac (weighted & unweighted) |
Dong et al. [30] | China | DSM-5 HDRS | 29.3(7.5) | P: 23 HC: 10 | P:30.0 HC: 30.2 | P: 69.6 HC: 60.0 | P: 21.9 HC:21.5 | Nr | No | No | 16S rRNA V3-V4 | α: ACE, Chao1, Simpson, Shannon β: Bray-Curtis |
Dong et al. [89] | China | DSM-IV HDRS | 28.3 (7.6) | P: 63 HC: 30 | P: 28.3 HC: 29.2 | P: 68.3 HC:66.7 | P: 21.7 HC: 21.5 | Yes | Yes | No | 16S rRNA Nr | α: Chao1, Simpson, Shannon β: Bray-Curtis |
Fontana et al. [31] | Italy | DSM-IV-TR | Nr | P: 34 HC: 20 | P: 53.3 HC: 42.4 | P: 70.6 HC: 35.0 | P: 24.5 HC: 22.6 | Yes | Yes | Yes | 16S rRNA V3-V4 | α: not measured β: not measured |
Han et al. [90] | China | DSM-IV HDRS | Nr | P: 51 HC: 30 | P: 27.1 HC: 29.2 | P: 72.5 HC: 66.7 | P: 21.6 HC: 21.5 | Nr | Nr | No | 16S rRNA V3-V4 | α: Chao, ACE, Shannon, Simpson β: Bray–Curtis |
Huang et al. [32] | China | ICD-10 | Nr | P: 27 HC: 27 | P: 48.7 HC: 42.3 | P: 74.1 HC: 74.1 | P: 23.8 HC: 23.4 | Nr | Nr | No | 16S rRNA V3-V4 | α: Chao1, ACE, Shannon, PD β: UniFrac (weighted & unweighted) |
Jiang et al. [33] | China | DSM-IV HDRS | 29.8 (7.6) | P: 29 HC: 30 | P: 25.3 HC: 26.8 | P: 37.9 HC: 50.0 | P: 20.3 HC: 19.6 | Yes | Nr | Yes | 16S rRNA V1-V3 | α: Chao1, ACE, Shannon, Simpson, Evenness β: UniFrac (unweighted) |
Kelly et al. [22] | Ireland | DSM-IV HDRS | 19.5 (14.0) | P: 34 HC: 33 | P: 45.8 HC: 45.8 | P: 32.8 HC: 42.4 | P: 26.2 HC: 24.6 | Yes | Yes | Yes | 16S rRNA Nr | α: Observed sp., Chao1, Shannon, PD β: UniFrac (weighted & unweighted), Bray-Curtis |
Kim et al. [91] | Korea | CES-D | Nr | P:167 HC:1071 | P: 44.0 HC:45.7 | P: 55.1 HC:33.2 | P: 23.1 HC:23.8 | Nr | Nr | Nr | 16S rRNA V3-V4 | α: Observed ASVs., Pielou’s evenness, Shannon,PD β: Bray-Curtis, Jaccard, UniFrac (weighted & unweighted) |
Kovtun et al. [92] | Russia | ICD-10 HDRS | 21.3(3.6) | P: 36 HC:38 | P: 30.9 HC:34.0 | P: 47.2 HC:50.0 | P: 22.4 HC:24.4 | Nr | Nr | No | Metagenomics | α: Shannon β: not measured |
Lai et al. [34] | China | DSM-5 HDRS | 19.8 (3.0) | P: 26 HC: 29 | P: 43.7 HC: 39.4 | P: 69.2 HC: 55.2 | P: 21.2 HC: 21.1 | Nr | Nr | Yes | Shotgun Metagenomics | α: Shannon, Fisher β: Bray–Curtis |
Li et al. [93] | China | ICD-10 HDRS | Nr | P: 40 HC: 22 | P: 37.9 HC: 44.0 | P: 62.5 HC:40.9 | Nr | Yes | Yes | No | 16S rRNA V3-V4 | α: Chao, ACE, Shannon, Simpson β: not measured |
Lin et al. [35] | China | DSM-IV-TR HDRS | Nr | P: 10 HC: 10 | P: 36.2 HC: 38.1 | P: 40.0 HC: 40.0 | P: 23.8 HC: 24.2 | Yes | Nr | Yes | 16S rRNA V3-V4 | α: not measured β: UniFrac (weighted) |
Liu et al. [38] | China | DSM-IV SDS | Nr | P: 15 HC: 20 | P: 44.8 HC: 43.9 | P: 73.3 HC: 65.0 | P: 22.0 HC: 24.6 | Nr | Nr | No | 16S rRNA V1-V3 | α: Shannon β: not measured |
Liu et al. [37] | USA | DSM-5 PROMIS | P:25.0 (6.9) | P: 43 HC: 47 | P: 21.9 HC: 22.1 | P: 88.4 HC: 72.3 | Nr | No | Nr | Yes | 16S rRNA V4 | α: Observed sp., Shannon, PD β: UniFrac (weighted & unweighted), Bray-Curtis |
Liu et al. [36] | China | DSM-IV HDRS | P:20.1(4.2) | P: 66 HC: 43 | P: 24.2 HC: 23.7 | P: 59.1 HC: 53.5 | P: 21.5 HC: 21.8 | Nr | Nr | No | 16S rRNA V3-V4 | α:Shannon, Simpson, Observed sp., Chao1, PD, Pielou’s evenness β:Jaccard |
Mason et al. [39] | USA | DSM-IV QIDS-SR | 15.6 (3.2) | P: 14 HC: 10 | P: 41.9 HC: 33.0 | P:78.6 HC:60.0 | P: 31.0 HC: 25.6 | Nr | No | Yes | 16S rRNA V4 | α: not measured β: UniFrac (weighted) |
Naseribafrouei et al. [40] | Norway | ICD-10 MADRS | 26.3 (7.6) | P: 37 HC: 18 | P: 49.2 HC: 46.1 | P:54.1 HC:61.1 | P: 25.9 HC: 24.7 | Nr | Nr | Nr | 16S rRNA Nr | α: Observed sp., Simpsons β: not measured |
Rong et al. [41] | China | DSM-5 HDRS | 20.2 (3.1) | P: 31 HC: 30 | P: 41.6 HC: 39.5 | P: 71.0 HC:53.3 | P: 21.5 HC: 22.0 | Nr | Nr | Yes | Shotgun Metagenomics | α: Chao 1, Shannon, Inv. Simpson, Gm coefficient β: Bray-Curtis |
Shen et al. [42] | China | M.I.N.I HDRS | Nr | P: 30 HC: 30 | P: 44.8 HC: 44.0 | P: 56.7 HC:50.0 | P: 24.0 HC: 23.8 | Yes | Yes | No | 16S rRNA V3-V4 | α:Ace, Chao1, Shannon, Simpson β:Jaccard |
Stevens et al. [44] | USA | DSM-IV | Nr | P: 20 HC: 20 | P: 34.0 HC: 34.0 | P: 50.0 HC: 70.0 | Nr | Nr | Nr | Yes | 16S rRNA V3-V4 | α: not measured β: Bray-Curtis |
Stevens et al. [43] | USA | DSM-5 | Nr | P: 7 HC: 21 | P: 63.8 HC: 53.0 | P: 57.1 HC: 61.9 | P: 27.3 HC: 30.7 | Nr | Nr | Nr | Shotgun Metagenomics | α: not measured β: not measured |
Sun et al. [94] | China | DSM-IV HDRS | 20.6(3.2) | P:31 HC: 29 | P: 25.3 HC:24.8 | P: 48.4 HC:55.2 | P: 22.4 HC:22.0 | Nr | No | No | 16S rRNA V3-V4 | α: Observed sp., Chao1, Simpson, Shannon, PD, Pielou’s evenness β: not measured |
Thapa et al. [45] | USA | DSM-IV-TR BDI | Nr | P: 110 HC: 27 | P: 19.5 HC: 20.3 | P: 65.5 HC: 37.0 | Nr | Nr | Yes | Yes | 16S rRNA V4 | α:Observed sp., Chao1, ACE, Shannon, PD β:UniFrac (weighted & unweighted), Bray-Curtis, Aitchison |
Tsai et al. [95] | Taiwan | DSM-IV-TR HDRS | 13.6(7.3) | P: 36 HC: 17 | P: 65.6 HC: 64.1 | P: 77.8 HC: 52.9 | P: 23.4 HC: 24.5 | Nr | Nr | Nr | 16S rRNA V3-V4 | α: Shannon, PD β:UniFrac (unweighted) |
Valles-Colomer et al. [46] | Belgium | GP-reported depression | Nr | P: 80 HC: 70 | P: 50.9 | P: 54.6 | P: 24.9 | Nr | Nr | Yes | 16S rRNA V4 | α: not measured β: not measured |
Yang et al. [47] | China | DSM-IV HDRS | 22.2 | P: 156 HC: 155 | P: 29.6 HC: 29.1 | P: 64.1 HC: 58.7 | P: 22.3 HC: 22.4 | Nr | Nr | Yes | Shotgun Metagenomics | α: Chao1, Shannon, Inv. Simpson β: Bray-Curtis |
Ye et al. [48] | China | DSM-IV HDRS | 27.9(2.8) | P: 26 HC: 28 | P: 26.0 HC: 26.0 | P: 80.8 HC: 75.0 | P: 19.8 HC: 21.6 | Nr | Nr | No | 16S rRNA V3-V4 | α: Chao1, Shannon β: UniFrac (unweighted) |
Yuan et al. [49] | China | PHQ-9 | 12.5(5.4) | P: 49 HC: 62 | P: 36.9 HC: 41.6 | P: 59.2 HC: 58.1 | P: 22.1 HC: 23.3 | Yes | Yes | Nr | 16S rRNA V3-V4 | α: Shannon, PD β: not measured |
Zhang et al. [50] | China | ICD-10 HDRS | 14.1(3.0) | P: 36 HC: 45 | P: 36.8 HC: 39.3 | P: 41.7 HC: 57.8 | P: 24.5 HC: 23.9 | Yes | Nr | No | 16S rRNA V4-V5 | α: Chao, ACE, Shannon, Simpson β: UniFrac (weighted & unweighted), Bray-Curtis, Jaccard |
Zhang et al. [96] | China | HDRS | 19.5(0.8) | P: 40 HC: 30 | P: 40.9 HC: 44.2 | P: 73.7 HC: 69.6 | Nr | Nr | Nr | No | 16S rRNA V4 | α:Chao, ACE, Observed sp. β: Bray-Curtis |
Zhao et al. [51] | China | DSM-5 HDRS | 24.8(3.1) | P: 24 HC: 26 | P: 30.0 HC: 31.3 | P: 70.8 HC: 69.2 | Nr | Nr | No | No | Nr | α: not measured β: not measured |
Zheng et al. [19] | China | DSM-IV-TR HDRS | P: 22.8(4.4) | P: 58 HC: 63 | P: 40.6 HC: 41.8 | P: 62.1 HC: 63.5 | P: 22.0 HC: 22.6 | Yes | Nr | Yes | 16S rRNA V3-V5 | α: Observed sp., Shannon, Simpson, PD β: UniFrac (weighted & unweighted) |
Zheng et al. [52] | China | DSM-IV HDRS | 22.9 | P: 165 HC: 217 | P: 29.3 HC: 30.8 | P: 64.2 HC: 56.2 | P: 22.3 HC: 22.5 | Nr | Nr | Yes | 16S rRNA V3-V4 | α:Chao, ACE, Shannon, Inv. Simpson β:PLS-DA |
Zheng et al. [53] | China | ICD-10 HDRS | 20.2(7.9) | P: 30 HC: 30 | P: 30.8 HC: 33.4 | P: 60.0 HC: 56.7 | P: 21.5 HC: 22.9 | Nr | Nr | No | 16S rRNA Nr | α: Chao1, ACE, Shannon, Simpson, Sobe β: not measured |
Zhou et al. [54] | China | DSM-IV HDRS | 13.5(3.5) | P: 39 HC: 18 | P: 33.6 HC: 32.6 | P: 100.0 HC: 100.0 | P: 21.5 HC: 20.9 | Nr | Nr | No | 16S rRNA V4 | α:Observed sp., Shannon, PD, Evenness β:UniFrac (weighted) |
Zhou et al. [97] | China | ICD-10 SDS | 76.3(8.5) | P: 70 HC: 101 | P: 13.7 HC: 13.5 | P: 62.2 HC: 53.4 | P: 19.6 HC: 19.9 | Yes | No | Yes | 16S rRNA V3-V4 | α:Chao1, ACE, Shannon, Sobs β:UniFrac (weighted) |
