Table 1 Patient data (N = 127).

From: An exploratory study of the damage markers NfL, GFAP, and t-Tau, in cerebrospinal fluid and other findings from a patient cohort enriched for suspected autoimmune psychiatric disease

Basic characteristics

Statistics

Na

Age in years, median (min; max)

29 (16; 75)

127

Sex, Female: Male (% Male)

65: 62 (49)

127

Family history of psychiatric disorders b, n (%)

75 (59)

127

Family history of autoimmune disorder b, n (%)

37 (29)

127

Clinical red flags

 Atypical presentation, n (%)

95 (75)

127

 Rapid onset, n (%)

67 (53)

127

 Infectious prodrome, n (%)

49 (39)

127

 Comorbid autoimmune disorder, n (%)

43 (34)

127

 Motor symptoms, n (%)

18 (17)

107

 Any abnormal neurological findings, n (%)

49 (46)

107

 New-onset seizures, n (%)

3 (2)

127

 Comorbid tumors, n (%)

8 (6)

127

 Suspected malignant neuroleptic syndrome, n (%)

2 (2)

127

 Catatonia, n (%)

31 (24)

127

Psychiatric presentation

 Psychosis, n (%)

74 (58)

127

 Cognitive symptoms, n (%)

74 (58)

127

 Obsessions-compulsions, n (%)

53 (42)

127

 Tics, n (%)

8 (6)

127

 ADHD/ADD

23 (18)

127

 Psychomotor retardation, n (%)

20 (16)

127

 ASD

19 (15)

127

 Intellectual disability

9 (1)

127

 Observed affective dysregulation symptoms, n (%)

68 (54)

127

 Mania, n (%)

15 (12)

127

 Agitation/aggression, n (%)

26 (20)

127

 Hypersomnia, n (%)

11 (9)

127

 Insomnia, n (%)

45 (35)

127

CGI, median (min; max)

5 (1; 7)

120

BPRS-E

 BPRS-E total, median (min; max) c

48 (24; 119)

114

 BPRS-E F1: Depressed/Anxiety, median (min; max)

13 (4; 23)

119

 BPRS-E F2: Psychosis, median (min; max)

8 (4; 22)

121

 BPRS-E F3: Negative Symptoms, median (min; max)

4 (3; 19)

124

 BPRS-E F4: Activation, median (min; max)

6 (4; 28)

121

BFCRS

 BFCRS total, median (min; max)

0 (0; 37)

102

 BFCRS F1: Negative/withdrawal, median (min; max)

0 (0; 16)

102

 BFCRS F2: Automatic, median (min; max)

0 (0; 4)

102

 BFCRS F3: Repetitive/echo, median (min; max)

0 (0; 9)

102

 BFCRS F4: Agitated/resistive, median (min; max)

0 (0; 6)

102

Serum tests

 S-Anti-neuronal abs, n (%)

7 (6)

122

 S-Anti-neuronal abs against surface antigen, n

2 (2)

122

 S-Anti-neuronal abs against intracellular antigen, n

5 (4)

122

  S-Anti-TPO abs above ref, n (%)

9 (9)

102

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tests

 CSF Anti-neuronal ab, n (%)

3 (2)

125

 CSF Anti-neuronal abs against surface antigen, n

3 (2)

 

 CSF analysis findings, (n %)

26 (21)

127

 IgG-indices above ref, n (%)

6 (5)

123

 Oligoclonal bands, n (%)

10 d (9)

116

 Albumin quotient (CSF/S) above ref, n (%)

15 (12)

123

 Pleocytosis, n (%) e

4 (3)

125

 CSF CNS damage markers

33 (27)

124

 CSF-NfL above ref, n (%)

14 (11)

124

 CSF-GFAP above ref, n (%)

14 (11)

124

 CSF- t-Tau above ref, n (%)

16 (13)

120

  1. AUDIT alcohol use disorders identification test; ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADD attention deficit disorder; ASD autism spectrum disorder; DUDIT Drug Use Disorders Identification Test, SLE systemic lupus erythematosus, BFCRS Bush Francis Catatonia Rating Scale, CGI Clinical Global Impression scale. Abs antibodies, TPO thyroid peroxidase, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, CNS central nervous system, OCBs oligoclonal bands.
  2. aPatients with available data.
  3. b1st, 2nd and 3rd-degree relatives, list of included conditions is available in the supplement data.
  4. cBPRS-E = Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale Expanded (Some patients were not evaluated with all the BPRS-E items. Therefore, some patients lacked a total BPRS-E score).
  5. dOne of these participants had non-CNS specific OCBs (matching OCBs are present in CSF and serum).
  6. eThe range of the white blood cell count (WBC) in CSF in the population was 0 to 21 × 106/L. The patients with pleocytosis (n = 4) had the following WBC in CSF: 6, 6, 8, 11 and 21 × 106/L. IgG indices (ref. <0.63). White blood cell count ref < 5 cells per 106/L; Age-related CSF/plasma albumin quotient (ref: age >6 months to 45 years, <6.8; age ≥45 years, <10.2); NfL= Neurofilament light (ref: age <30, <380 ng/L; 30–39, <560 ng/L; age 40–59, <890 ng/L; age 60, <1850 ng/L). GFAP = Glial fibrillary acidic protein (ref: age <20, <175 ng/L; age 20–59, <750; age 60, <1,250); t-Tau = Total Tau (ref: age <18, <250 ng/L; age 18–44, <300 ng/L; age 45+, <400 ng/L).
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