Fig. 3: Serum Metabolomic Features.

A Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) plots for CON, WKY, and ESC groups. B Volcano plot for CON vs. WKY (red: increased in WKY group; blue: increased in CON group). C Volcano plot for CON vs. ESC (red: increased in ESC group; blue: increased in CON group). D Volcano plot for WKY vs. ESC (red: increased in ESC group; blue: increased in WKY group). E Venn diagram showing metabolites with the same trends between CON vs. WKY and CON vs. ESC. F KEGG pathway annotations for 142 common differential metabolites. G Bar chart displaying the Log2FC of differential metabolites (red: increased in ESC group; blue: increased in WKY group); and heatmap of differential metabolites between WKY and ESC groups. High expression is marked in red, and low expression is marked in blue. The “value” represents the relative expression value (Z-score) obtained after normalization. H KEGG topology analysis of differential metabolites between WKY and ESC groups. The impact value represents the importance of metabolites in the metabolic pathway’s topology, while the P-value reflects the statistical significance of the metabolic pathway. The horizontal coordinate and size of the bubble represent the impact factor of the pathway in the topology analysis, with larger bubbles indicating a larger impact factor. The vertical coordinate and color of the bubble represent the P-value of the enrichment analysis, with darker colors indicating lower P-values and greater enrichment significance. I Heatmap of differential metabolites in Glycerophospholipid metabolism and Sphingolipid metabolism, with high expression shown in red and low expression shown in blue. The “value” represents the relative expression value (Z-score) obtained after normalization. Higher positive values indicate higher expression, while larger negative values indicate lower expression.