Table 1 Demographic characteristics, stratified by presence of metabolic syndrome (n = 14,875).

From: Increased odds of metabolic syndrome among adults with depressive symptoms or antidepressant use

Characteristic

Total

No MetS

MetS

p-value

Sample Size

14,875

11,259

3616

–

Total PHQ-9 score (mean (SD))

2.93 (3.92)

2.73 (3.71)

3.58 (4.48)

<0.001

Depressive symptom (%)

   

<0.001

 No

13,652 (92.91)

10,483 (93.91)

3169 (89.64)

 

 Yes

1223 (7.09)

776 (6.09)

447 (10.36)

 

Antidepressant use among people with depressive symptoms (%)

   

0.148

 No

816 (60.56)

541 (62.39)

275 (57.04)

 

 Yes

407 (39.44)

235 (37.61)

172 (42.96)

 

Antidepressant use (%)

   

<0.001

 No

13,297 (86.68)

10,235 (88.25)

3062 (81.56)

 

 Yes

1578 (13.32)

1024 (11.75)

554 (18.44)

 

Antidepressant type (%)

   

<0.001

 Non-user

13,297 (86.74)

10,235 (88.28)

3062 (81.70)

 

 SSRIs

817 (6.93)

545 (6.32)

272 (8.92)

 

 SNRIs

206 (1.86)

139 (1.64)

67 (2.58)

 

 TCAs

108 (0.73)

54 (0.48)

54 (1.55)

 

 Atypical antidepressants

223 (1.82)

148 (1.69)

75 (2.25)

 

 More than one type

216 (1.92)

134 (1.59)

82 (3.00)

 

Duration of antidepressant - in days (mean(SD))

1915.53 (2212.73)

1845.44 (2188.78)

2061.09 (2256.83)

0.189

Duration of antidepressant (%)

   

0.600

 ≤one year

520 (31.29)

348 (31.92)

172 (29.99)

 

 >one year

1040 (68.71)

665 (68.08)

375 (70.01)

 

Age (mean (SD))

46.23 (17.35)

44.82 (17.63)

50.84 (15.54)

<0.001

Sex (%)

   

0.721

 Male

7377 (49.55)

5643 (49.44)

1734 (49.93)

 

 Female

7498 (50.45)

5616 (50.56)

1882 (50.07)

 

PIR (%)

   

<0.001

 Middle income

7321 (50.13)

5448 (48.99)

1873 (53.84)

 

 Low income

2880 (13.99)

2115 (13.69)

765 (14.96)

 

 High income

3479 (35.88)

2790 (37.31)

689 (31.20)

 

Race (%)

   

<0.001

 Mexican American

2476 (8.64)

1750 (8.12)

726 (10.34)

 

 Other Hispanic

1478 (5.47)

1075 (5.50)

403 (5.38)

 

 Non-Hispanic White

6381 (67.87)

4702 (67.05)

1679 (70.54)

 

 Non-Hispanic Black

2979 (10.86)

2451 (11.72)

528 (8.08)

 

 Other Race - Including Multi-Racial

1561 (7.15)

1281 (7.61)

280 (5.67)

 

Education (%)

   

<0.001

 Less than 9th grade

1377 (4.93)

920 (4.44)

457 (6.50)

 

 9–11th grade

2292 (11.53)

1673 (11.03)

619 (13.14)

 

 High school graduate/ GED

3538 (24.23)

2630 (23.26)

908 (27.34)

 

 Some college/ AA degree

4127 (30.45)

3062 (29.74)

1065 (32.71)

 

 College graduate or above

3318 (28.87)

2763 (31.52)

555 (20.32)

 

Marital status (%)

   

<0.001

 Married

7404 (55.49)

5429 (54.41)

1975 (58.93)

 

 Widowed

1030 (5.25)

697 (4.61)

333 (7.30)

 

 Divorced

1499 (10.15)

1053 (9.61)

446 (11.88)

 

 Separated

468 (2.26)

352 (2.30)

116 (2.15)

 

 Never married

2638 (18.20)

2221 (20.23)

417 (11.76)

 

 Living with partner

1210 (8.64)

928 (8.84)

282 (7.99)

 

Smoking status (%)

   

0.008

 Non-smoker

11,488 (80.19)

8696 (80.81)

2792 (78.18)

 

 Smoker

2831 (19.81)

2050 (19.19)

781 (21.82)

 

Drinking status (%)

   

<0.001

 Never drinker

4614 (25.66)

3255 (23.58)

1359 (32.33)

 

 Light drinker

2950 (19.18)

2145 (18.18)

805 (22.41)

 

 Moderate drinker

4890 (38.29)

3821 (39.69)

1069 (33.81)

 

 Heavy drinker

1966 (16.87)

1623 (18.55)

343 (11.45)

 

Congestive heart failure (%)

   

<0.001

 No

13,583 (97.66)

10,233 (98.35)

3350 (95.48)

 

 Yes

429 (2.34)

239 (1.65)

190 (4.52)

 

Coronary heart disease (%)

   

<0.001

 No

13,422 (96.51)

10,108 (97.20)

3314 (94.32)

 

 Yes

563 (3.49)

345 (2.80)

218 (5.68)

 

Angina (%)

   

<0.001

 No

13,639 (97.74)

10,253 (98.35)

3386 (95.84)

 

 Yes

356 (2.26)

202 (1.65)

154 (4.16)

 

Heart attack (%)

   

<0.001

 No

13,417 (96.54)

10,111 (97.23)

3306 (94.37)

 

 Yes

603 (3.46)

362 (2.77)

241 (5.63)

 

Hypertension (%)

   

<0.001

 No

10,693 (74.74)

8655 (79.55)

2038 (59.03)

 

 Yes

4141 (25.26)

2577 (20.45)

1564 (40.97)

 

Diabetes (%)

   

<0.001

 No

13,061 (91.05)

10,317 (94.50)

2744 (79.83)

 

 Yes

1802 (8.95)

933 (5.50)

869 (20.17)

 

Stroke (%)

   

<0.001

 No

13,531 (97.22)

10,158 (97.65)

3373 (95.87)

 

 Yes

495 (2.78)

317 (2.35)

178 (4.13)

 
  1. Continuous characteristics reported as weighted mean and standard deviation.
  2. Categorical characteristics reported as unweighted frequency and weighted percent.
  3. The first level of categorical variables is the reference level.
  4. SSRIs include: serotonin, citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline. SNRIs include: desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, levomilnacipran, venlafaxine, and milnacipran. TCAs include: amitriptyline, amoxapine, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, nortriptyline, protriptyline, trimipramine, and clomipramine. Atypical antidepressants include: bupropion, mirtazapine, nefazodone, trazodone, vilazodone, vortioxetine, maprotiline, and agomelatine. ‘More than one type’ includes participants who take more than one type from the following categories: SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, atypical antidepressants, antidepressants-unspecified, MAOs, and pharmacological combinations. MAOs include isocarboxazid, phenelzine, selegiline, tranylcypromine, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors - unspecified. Pharmacological combinations include amitriptyline with chlordiazepoxide, amitriptyline with perphenazine, fluoxetine with olanzapine, and bupropion with naltrexone.
  5. PHQ-9 nine-item patient health questionnaire, PIR ratio of family income to poverty, SD standard deviation.
  6. P-values < 0.05 denote significant differences between no MetS vs. MetS, and are reported as weighted p-values.
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