Table 3 Risk of hospitalization for infection according to the healthy sleep score.

From: Healthy sleep patterns and risk of hospitalization for infection: a large community-based cohort study

Sleep pattern

No. of cases/person-years

Model 1a

Model 2b

HR (95% CI)

P value

HR (95% CI)

P value

Any infection (n = 60,377)

 0 (unhealthiest)

368/12893

Reference

 

Reference

 

 1

4478/250847

0.65 (0.59–0.73)

<0.001

0.78 (0.70–0.87)

<0.001

 2

14512/960732

0.54 (0.49–0.60)

<0.001

0.71 (0.64–0.78)

<0.001

 3

23059/1854895

0.45 (0.40–0.50)

<0.001

0.62 (0.56–0.69)

<0.001

 4 (healthiest)

17960/1604611

0.40 (0.36–0.44)

<0.001

0.59 (0.53–0.65)

<0.001

 Per 1 score increment

–

0.85 (0.84–0.86)

<0.001

0.91 (0.90–0.92)

<0.001

 P for trend

 

<0.001

<0.001

CNS (n = 693)

 0 (unhealthiest)

5/17045

Reference

 

Reference

 

 1

57/300774

0.64 (0.26–1.59)

0.338

0.71 (0.28–1.77)

0.460

 2

184/1112315

0.55 (0.23–1.34)

0.190

0.64 (0.26–1.56)

0.325

 3

237/2088905

0.39 (0.16–0.94)

0.036

0.46 (0.19–1.13)

0.091

 4 (healthiest)

210/1784420

0.40 (0.16–0.97)

0.042

0.49 (0.20–1.19)

0.114

 Per 1 score increment

–

0.84 (0.77–0.91)

<0.001

0.87 (0.80–0.94)

<0.001

 P for trend

 

<0.001

<0.001

GI (n = 3934)

 0 (unhealthiest)

49/16719

Reference

 

Reference

 

 1

310/297550

0.36 (0.27–0.49)

<0.001

0.46 (0.34–0.63)

<0.001

 2

1051/1102710

0.33 (0.25–0.44)

<0.001

0.47 (0.35–0.62)

<0.001

 3

1437/2076004

0.24 (0.18–0.32)

<0.001

0.38 (0.28–0.50)

<0.001

 4 (healthiest)

1087/1775074

0.21 (0.16–0.29)

<0.001

0.35 (0.26–0.47)

<0.001

 Per 1 score increment

–

0.80 (0.78–0.83)

<0.001

0.87 (0.84–0.90)

<0.001

 P for trend

 

<0.001

<0.001

Liver (n = 596)

 0 (unhealthiest)

9/16972

Reference

 

Reference

 

 1

56/300425

0.39 (0.19–0.80)

0.010

0.49 (0.24–0.98)

0.045

 2

160/1112172

0.30 (0.15–0.59)

0.001

0.42 (0.21–0.82)

0.011

 3

224/2088691

0.22 (0.11–0.43)

<0.001

0.33 (0.17–0.64)

0.001

 4 (healthiest)

147/1784434

0.17 (0.09–0.34)

<0.001

0.27 (0.14–0.54)

<0.001

 Per 1 score increment

–

0.74 (0.68–0.81)

<0.001

0.80 (0.74–0.87)

<0.001

 P for trend

 

<0.001

<0.001

Respiratory (n = 31,130)

 0 (unhealthiest)

242/15284

Reference

 

Reference

 

 1

2526/283041

0.60 (0.52–0.68)

<0.001

0.74 (0.65–0.84)

<0.001

 2

7739/1060339

0.47 (0.42–0.54)

<0.001

0.65 (0.58–0.74)

<0.001

 3

11850/2012480

0.38 (0.34–0.43)

<0.001

0.58 (0.51–0.66)

<0.001

 4 (healthiest)

8773/1728164

0.33 (0.29–0.37)

<0.001

0.53 (0.46–0.60)

<0.001

 Per 1 score increment

–

0.82 (0.81–0.83)

<0.001

0.89 (0.88–0.90)

<0.001

 P for trend

 

<0.001

<0.001

Sepsis (n = 11,694)

 0 (unhealthiest)

113/16725

Reference

 

Reference

 

 1

946/298069

0.50 (0.41–0.61)

<0.001

0.63 (0.52–0.77)

<0.001

 2

2813/1104729

0.38 (0.32–0.46)

<0.001

0.55 (0.45–0.66)

<0.001

 3

4430/2076683

0.32 (0.27–0.39)

<0.001

0.50 (0.41–0.60)

<0.001

 4 (healthiest)

3392/1775242

0.29 (0.24–0.34)

<0.001

0.48 (0.39–0.58)

<0.001

 Per 1 score increment

–

0.83 (0.81–0.85)

<0.001

0.91 (0.89–0.93)

<0.001

 P for trend

 

<0.001

<0.001

Skin (n = 13,983)

 0 (unhealthiest)

123/15970

Reference

 

Reference

 

 1

1108/289788

0.52 (0.43–0.62)

<0.001

0.67 (0.56–0.81)

<0.001

 2

3524/1077881

0.43 (0.36–0.52)

<0.001

0.64 (0.53–0.76)

<0.001

 3

5271/2035306

0.34 (0.29–0.41)

<0.001

0.55 (0.46–0.66)

<0.001

 4 (healthiest)

3957/1743564

0.30 (0.25–0.36)

<0.001

0.51 (0.43–0.62)

<0.001

 Per 1 score increment

-

0.82 (0.81–0.83)

<0.001

0.90 (0.88–0.92)

<0.001

 P for trend

 

<0.001

<0.001

Urogenital (n = 19,453)

 0 (unhealthiest)

155/15937

Reference

 

Reference

 

 1

1616/286548

0.59 (0.50–0.70)

<0.001

0.73 (0.62–0.87)

<0.001

 2

4803/1071636

0.46 (0.39–0.54)

<0.001

0.62 (0.53–0.73)

<0.001

 3

7331/2026507

0.38 (0.32–0.44)

<0.001

0.55 (0.47–0.65)

<0.001

 4(healthiest)

5548/1736101

0.33 (0.28–0.39)

<0.001

0.51 (0.43–0.59)

<0.001

 Per 1 score increment

–

0.83 (0.81–0.84)

<0.001

0.89 (0.87–0.90)

<0.001

 P for trend

 

<0.001

<0.001

Others (n = 22,307)

 0 (unhealthiest)

181/15687

Reference

 

Reference

 

 1

1839/284525

0.58 (0.50–0.68)

<0.001

0.74 (0.64–0.86)

<0.001

 2

5621/1065086

0.47 (0.40–0.54)

<0.001

0.66 (0.57–0.76)

<0.001

 3

8375/2019259

0.37 (0.32–0.43)

<0.001

0.57 (0.49–0.66)

<0.001

 4(healthiest)

6291/1732231

0.32 (0.28–0.37)

<0.001

0.52 (0.45–0.61)

<0.001

 Per 1 score increment

–

0.82 (0.80–0.83)

<0.001

0.88 (0.87–0.90)

<0.001

 P for trend

 

<0.001

<0.001

Viral infection (n = 21,391)

 0 (unhealthiest)

174/15395

Reference

 

Reference

 

 1

1719/285335

0.55 (0.47–0.64)

<0.001

0.68 (0.59–0.80)

<0.001

 2

5345/1066444

0.45 (0.39–0.52)

<0.001

0.62 (0.53–0.72)

<0.001

 3

8100/2022057

0.36 (0.31–0.42)

<0.001

0.54 (0.46–0.63)

<0.001

 4 (healthiest)

6053/1734815

0.31 (0.27–0.36)

<0.001

0.49 (0.43–0.58)

<0.001

 Per 1 score increment

–

0.82 (0.81–0.83)

<0.001

0.89 (0.88–0.90)

<0.001

 P for trend

 

<0.001

<0.001

Bacterial (n = 40,611)

 0 (unhealthiest)

281/14195

Reference

 

Reference

 

 1

3069/266426

0.61 (0.54–0.69)

<0.001

0.74 (0.66–0.84)

<0.001

 2

9836/1009983

0.50 (0.45–0.57)

<0.001

0.67 (0.60–0.76)

<0.001

 3

15395/1930439

0.41 (0.37–0.47)

<0.001

0.60 (0.53–0.67)

<0.001

 4 (healthiest)

12030/1662647

0.37 (0.33–0.42)

<0.001

0.56 (0.50–0.64)

<0.001

 Per 1 score increment

–

0.85 (0.84–0.86)

<0.001

0.91 (0.90–0.92)

<0.001

 P for trend

 

<0.001

 

<0.001

 
  1. aModel 1: adjusted for age, sex and race.
  2. bModel 2: adjusted for age, sex, TDI, race, BMI, education, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol consumption, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
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