Fig. 3: Feature importance ranked by SHAP and interpretation of personalized predictions of depression risk using SHAP values and equation.

AThis panel illustrates the ranking of mean absolute SHAP values for each feature in the model, reflecting their overall importance in predicting depression. B SHAP Summary Plot: This figure shows the distribution of SHAP values for individual predictions, with positive SHAP values (red) indicating an increase in the prediction of depression and negative SHAP values (blue) indicating a decrease. Features with higher SHAP values have a more significant impact on the model’s prediction, demonstrating the cumulative effect of feature contributions on the final output. Personalized depression risk can then be predicted using the following equation: Base value + ∑ (SHAP value feature × feature value). Base Value: The average model output across the entire dataset before accounting for specific feature contributions. Feature Value: The actual measured value of each feature for an individual.