Table 1 Three years of medication-use patterns in all individuals with incident diagnosis of bipolar disorder in Sweden 2006–2015, respectively for population groups defined by migration history.

From: Three years of medication-use sequences in incident bipolar disorder in Sweden reveal divergent patterns in native-born and immigrant populations

 

Swedish-born

Second-generation immigrants

First-generation immigrants

Non-refugees

Refugees

A) Treatment Initiation

n = 20361

n = 1867

n = 1462

n = 888

 Yes

18640 (91.5%)

1633 (87.5%)

1302 (89.1%)

769 (86.6%)

 No

1721 (8.5%)

234 (12.5%)

160 (10.9%)

119 (13.4%)

Time to Initiation

n = 18640

n = 1633

n = 1302

n = 769

 Early, 0–3 months

16634 (89.2%)

1431 (87.6%)

1117 (85.8%)

641 (83.4%)

 Delayed, 4–12 months

1357 (7.3%)

136 (8.3%)

124 (9.5%)

84 (10.9%)

 Delayed, ≥12 months

649 (3.5%)

66 (4.0%)

61 (4.7%)

44 (5.7%)

Discontinuationa

n = 17991

n = 1567

n = 1241

n = 725

 No

9937 (55.2%)

724 (46.2%)

562 (45.3%)

290 (40.0%)

 Yes

8054 (44.8%)

843 (53.8%)

679 (54.7%)

435 (60.0%)

Time to Discontinuationb

n = 8054

n = 843

n = 679

n = 435

 Within 6 Months

2963 (36.8%)

355 (42.1%)

288 (42.4%)

199 (45.7%)

 Within 1 Year

1727 (21.4%)

156 (18.5%)

150 (22.1%)

99 (22.8%)

 Within 2 Years

2320 (28.8%)

229 (27.2%)

169 (24.9%)

109 (25.1%)

 After 2 Years

1044 (13.0%)

103 (12.2%)

72 (10.6%)

28 (6.4%)

B) Treatment Trajectory

n = 20361

n = 1867

n = 1462

n = 888

 Early Start, no Discontinuation

9399 (46.2%)

683 (36.6%)

521 (35.6%)

272 (30.6%)

 Early Start, Discontinuation

7235 (35.5%)

748 (40.1%)

596 (40.8%)

369 (41.6%)

 Delayed Start, no Discontinuation

851 (4.2%)

68 (3.6%)

65 (4.4%)

34 (3.8%)

 Delayed Start, Discontinuation

1155 (5.7%)

134 (7.2%)

120 (8.2%)

94 (10.6%)

 Continuous Lack of Treatment

1721 (8.5%)

234 (12.5%)

160 (10.9%)

119 (13.4%)

C) Treatment Typology

n = 20361

n = 1867

n = 1462

n = 888

 Treatment failure

6586 (32.3%)

762 (40.8%)

605 (41.4%)

429 (48.3%)

 AD monotherapy

3851 (18.9%)

309 (16.6%)

275 (18.8%)

166 (18.7%)

 Persistent Mood-stabilizers

4256 (20.9%)

306 (16.4%)

205 (14.0%)

80 (9.0%)

 Persistant Antipsychotics

1838 (9.0%)

147 (7.9%)

131 (9.0%)

81 (9.1%)

 Persistant Lithium

1725 (8.5%)

149 (8.0%)

116 (7.9%)

50 (5.6%)

 Persistant Augmentation

1053 (5.2%)

92 (4.9%)

60 (4.1%)

33 (3.7%)

 Persistant Augmentation with Lithium

1052 (5.2%)

102 (5.5%)

70 (4.8%)

49 (5.5%)

  1. (A) Rates of treatment initiation and discontinuation with respective time until the event. (B) Trajectories of treatment initiation and discontinuation. (C) Typologies identified by clustering, representing predominant medication use throughout follow-up.
  2. aAmong subjects starting treatment within a year after diagnosis.
  3. bAmong subjects who discontinue treatment after having started within a year after diagnosis.
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