Table 3 Cox regression model results estimating adjusted associations between maternal COVID-19 infection during pregnancy in 2020 and child neurodevelopmental disorders diagnosed by Dec 31, 2023.

From: SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in early childhood

Child Outcome

Maternal Infection n (%)

No maternal infection n (%)

Model 1 1 HR (95% CI)

Model 2 2 HR (95% CI)

Model 3 3 HR (95% CI)

No NDD

2306

55675

Ref

Ref

Ref

Any NDD

471 (16.96)

11535 (17.16)

1.03 (0.94–1.13)

1.01 (0.92–1.11)

1.01 (0.92–1.11)

ASD

119 (4.91)

2605 (4.47)

1.20 (1.0–1.45)

1.15 (0.96–1.39)

1.15 (0.96–1.39)

Speech/Language Delay

397 (14.69)

9650 (14.77)

1.03 (0.93–1.14)

1.01 (0.91–1.12)

1.01 (0.91–1.12)

Motor delay

95 (3.96)

2621 (4.50)

0.92 (0.75–1.13)

0.91 (0.74–1.12)

0.91 (0.74–1.12)

  1. HR Hazard ratio, CI Confidence interval, NDD Neurodevelopmental Disorder, ASD Autism Spectrum Disorder
  2. 1Model 1: Adjusted for maternal age, maternal race/ethnicity, maternal insurance type, child sex.
  3. 2Model 2: Adjusted for all variables in Model 1plus maternal asthma, allergy, autoimmune, depression, GDM, non-COVID infection, preeclampsia, hypertension, pre-pregnant obesity.
  4. 3Model 3: Adjusted for all variables in Model 2 plus maternal COVID vaccine status during pregnancy.
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