Fig. 4: Overall Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Macro-Averaged for Each Model.

ROC curves (mean TPR vs. mean FPR) are macro-averaged one-vs-rest estimates across groups on the test set. Solid lines are the macro-averaged ROC curves; shaded ribbons are 95% bootstrap confidence bands; the gray diagonal denotes chance (AUC = 0.5). Legend text reports AUC [95% CI]. Abbrev.: ROC = receiver operating characteristic; AUC = area under the curve; TPR = true positive rate (sensitivity); FPR = false positive rate (1 − specificity); LR = logistic regression; EN = elastic net; RF = random forest.