Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Article
  • Published:

Resibufogenin promotes angiogenesis via the VAV3-mediated ITGA5–VEGF signaling axis in macrophages to alleviate myocardial infarction

Acta Pharmacologica Sinica (2026) Cite this article

Abstract

Myocardial infarction (MI) continues to be a leading cause of global mortality. Resibufogenin (RBG), a principal bioactive constituent derived from Venenum Bufonis, is well recognized for its potent cardiotonic properties. Nevertheless, the therapeutic potential of RBG in the context of MI remains to be fully elucidated. This study revealed that RBG exerted significant cardioprotective effects in a murine model of MI by preserving cardiac function, attenuating myocardial injury, and increasing vascular density. Proteomic analysis revealed that angiogenesis was the predominant biological process associated with RBG-responsive proteins. Integrated proteomic analysis and mechanistic validation demonstrated that RBG activated the ITGA5–VEGF signaling axis, a pathway essential for its therapeutic efficacy, in a macrophage-dependent manner. Notably, both pharmacological inhibition of ITGA5 and depletion of macrophages completely abrogated RBG-mediated cardioprotection in the MI model. Furthermore, RBG significantly increased endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation in a macrophage–endothelial cell coculture system. More importantly, RBG upregulated ITGA5 expression in macrophages through activation of the VAV3/CDC42 signaling pathway. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that RBG is a promising therapeutic agent for myocardial infarction and acts via the macrophage-specific VAV3/CDC42-mediated ITGA5/VEGF signaling pathway to promote reparative angiogenesis. This study elucidates the cardioprotective effects and underlying mechanisms of RBG and establishes a scientific basis for the discovery of novel therapeutic agents from natural products.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on SpringerLink
  • Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Fig. 1: RBG improved cardiac function and alleviated myocardial ischemic injury after MI.
The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.
Fig. 2: RBG alleviated myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy in MI mice.
The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.
Fig. 3: RBG exerted cardioprotective effects by promoting angiogenesis.
The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.
Fig. 4: The ameliorative effect of RBG on mice post-MI was dependent on ITGA5.
The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.
Fig. 5: RBG modulated the ITGA5/FAK/VEGF signaling axis in macrophages.
The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.
Fig. 6: Systemic depletion of macrophages reduced the efficacy of RBG therapy.
The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.
Fig. 7: RBG regulated endothelial cell function and stimulated angiogenesis in a macrophage ITGA5-dependent manner.
The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.
Fig. 8: RBG promoted ITGA5 expression via the VAV3-mediated activation of CDC42.
The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.
Fig. 9: Schematic model illustrating the cardioprotective mechanisms of RBG.
The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

  1. Wang YY, Li Y, Feng J, Liu WJ, Li YD, Liu J, et al. Mydgf promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation and neonatal heart regeneration. Theranostics. 2020;10:9100–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Rao SV, O’Donoghue ML, Ruel M, Rab T, Tamis-Holland JE, Alexander JH, et al. 2025 ACC/AHA/ACEP/NAEMSP/SCAI guideline for the management of patients with acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2025;151:e771–e862.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Anderson JL, Morrow DA. Acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:2053–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Yang J, Duan C, Wang P, Zhang S, Gao Y, Lu S, et al. 4-octyl itaconate alleviates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury through promoting angiogenesis via ERK signaling activation. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025;12:e2411554.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Li Y, Chen X, Jin RH, Chen L, Dang M, Cao H, et al. Injectable hydrogel with MSNs/microRNA-21-5p delivery enables both immunomodification and enhanced angiogenesis for myocardial infarction therapy in pigs. Sci Adv. 2021;7:eabd6740.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Wu XK, Reboll MR, Korf-Klingebiel M, Wollert KC. Angiogenesis after acute myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res. 2021;117:1257–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. He L, Huang X, Kanisicak O, Li Y, Wang Y, Li Y, et al. Preexisting endothelial cells mediate cardiac neovascularization after injury. J Clin Invest. 2017;127:2968–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Tang J, Zhang H, He L, Huang X, Li Y, Pu W, et al. Genetic fate mapping defines the vascular potential of endocardial cells in the adult heart. Circ Res. 2018;122:984–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Farbehi N, Patrick R, Dorison A, Xaymardan M, Janbandhu V, Wystub-Lis K, et al. Single-cell expression profiling reveals dynamic flux of cardiac stromal, vascular and immune cells in health and injury. Elife. 2019;8:e43882.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Martin P, Gurevich DB. Macrophage regulation of angiogenesis in health and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2021;119:101–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Pérez-Gutiérrez L, Ferrara N. Biology and therapeutic targeting of vascular endothelial growth factor A. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2023;24:816–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Fracassi F, Niccoli G. Angiogenesis and microvascular obstruction: Still a research topic or a new therapeutic target?. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2018;71:420–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Howangyin KY, Zlatanova I, Pinto C, Ngkelo A, Cochain C, Rouanet M, et al. Myeloid-epithelial-reproductive receptor tyrosine kinase and milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8 coordinately improve remodeling after myocardial infarction via local delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor. Circulation. 2016;133:826–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Tan L, Long LZ, Li HZ, Yang WW, Peng YX, Lu JM, et al. Growth factor for therapeutic angiogenesis in ischemic heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2022;10:1095623.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Lu L, Sun XD, Chen C, Qin YT, Guo XM. Shexiang baoxin pill, derived from the traditional Chinese medicine, provides protective roles against cardiovascular diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:1161.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Wei WL, Hou JJ, Wang X, Yu Y, Li HJ, Li ZW, et al. Venenum bufonis: an overview of its traditional use, natural product chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicology. J Ethnopharmacol. 2019;237:215–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Gao H, Popescu R, Kopp B, Wang Z. Bufadienolides and their antitumor activity. Nat Prod Rep. 2011;28:953–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Zhang H, Jian B. Resibufogenin: an emerging therapeutic compound with multifaceted pharmacological effects—a comprehensive review. Med Sci Monit. 2024;30:e942783.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Wang ZJ, Sun L, Heinbockel T. Resibufogenin and cinobufagin activate central neurons through an ouabain-like action. PLoS One. 2014;9:e113272.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Lichtstein D, Kachalsky S, Deutsch J. Identification of a ouabain-like compound in toad skin and plasma as a bufodienolide derivative. Life Sci. 1986;38:1261–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Iwatsuki K, Yusa T, Kataoka Y, Sato K. Experimental and clinical studies of resibufogenin. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1965;86:93–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Xie JT, Dey L, Wu JA, Lowell TK, Yuan CS. Cardiac toxicity of resibufogenin: electrophysiological evidence. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2001;22:289–97.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. De Villiers C, Riley PR. Mouse models of myocardial infarction: comparing permanent ligation and ischaemia-reperfusion. Dis Model Mech. 2020;13:dmm046565.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Danese S, Sans M, Spencer DM, Beck I, Doñate F, Plunkett ML, et al. Angiogenesis blockade as a new therapeutic approach to experimental colitis. Gut. 2007;56:855–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Zhang X, Chang X, Chai R, Zhang X, Li J, Guo Z, et al. Xin-Fu-Kang oral liquid mitigates chronic heart failure through NR4A1-dependent regulation of endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial crosstalk in cardiomyocytes. Phytomedicine. 2025;140:156467.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Kobayashi K, Maeda K, Takefuji M, Kikuchi R, Morishita Y, Hirashima M, et al. Dynamics of angiogenesis in ischemic areas of the infarcted heart. Sci Rep. 2017;7:7156.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Pan Y, Chen B, Xie J, Chen D, Cai Y, Zhao D, et al. Lentinan alleviates angiotensin II-induced myocardial remodeling through LMP7-SOCS3 signaling. Int J Biol Macromol. 2025;308:142146.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Zhang G, Han X, Xu T, Liu M, Chen G, Xie L, et al. Buyang Huanwu decoction suppresses cardiac inflammation and fibrosis in mice after myocardial infarction through inhibition of the TLR4 signalling pathway. J Ethnopharmacol. 2024;320:117388.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Zhou T, Wang Q, Phan N, Ren J, Yang H, Feldman CC, et al. Identification of a novel class of RIP1/RIP3 dual inhibitors that impede cell death and inflammation in mouse abdominal aortic aneurysm models. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10:226.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Kiperman T, Li W, Xiong X, Li H, Horne D, Ma K. Targeted screening and identification of chlorhexidine as a pro-myogenic circadian clock activator. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2023;14:190.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Ye T, Yan Z, Chen C, Wang D, Wang A, Li T, et al. Lactoferrin attenuates cardiac fibrosis and cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction via inhibiting mTORC1/S6K signaling pathway. Theranostics. 2023;13:3419–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Xiaoyang C, Yijun C, Chenguang Z, Wanying D, Zijun C, Jun W, et al. Resibufogenin protects against atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice through blocking NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. J Adv Res. 2026;80:1045–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Frangogiannis NG. Pathophysiology of myocardial infarction. Compr Physiol. 2015;5:1841–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Yong J, Tao J, Wang K, Li X, Yang Y. Post-myocardial infarction cardiac remodeling: multidimensional mechanisms and clinical prospects of stem cell therapy. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2025;21:1369–427.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Chen D, Yu W, Zhong C, Hong Q, Huang G, Que D, et al. Elabela ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by promoting autophagic flux through TFEB pathway. Pharmacol Res. 2022;178:106186.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Hilgendorf I, Frantz S, Frangogiannis NG. Repair of the infarcted heart: cellular effectors, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Circ Res. 2024;134:1718–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Li R, Chen B, Kubota A, Hanna A, Humeres C, Hernandez SC, et al. Protective effects of macrophage-specific integrin α5 in myocardial infarction are associated with accentuated angiogenesis. Nat Commun. 2023;14:7555.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Zeng L, Sachdev P, Yan L, Chan JL, Trenkle T, McClelland M, et al. Vav3 mediates receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling, regulates GTPase activity, modulates cell morphology, and induces cell transformation. Mol Cell Biol. 2000;20:9212.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Xu Y, Zhang H, Lit LC, Grothey A, Athanasiadou M, Kiritsi M, et al. The kinase LMTK3 promotes invasion in breast cancer through Grb2-mediated induction of integrin β. Sci Signal. 2014;7:ra58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990-2019: update from the GBD 2019 study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:2982–3021.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, Antunes MJ, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Bueno H, et al. 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: the task force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2018;39:119–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Ong SB, Hernández-Reséndiz S, Crespo-Avilan GE, Mukhametshina RT, Kwek XY, Cabrera-Fuentes HA, et al. Inflammation following acute myocardial infarction: multiple players, dynamic roles, and novel therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Ther. 2018;186:73–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Contessotto P, Pandit A. Therapies to prevent post-infarction remodelling: from repair to regeneration. Biomaterials. 2021;275:120906.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Gong FF, Vaitenas I, Malaisrie SC, Maganti K. Mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction a review. JAMA Cardiol. 2021;6:341–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Doll JA. Quality of life after myocardial infarction: more progress needed. Heart. 2020;106:8–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Sharma B, Singh N, Gupta N, Lal P, Pande S, Chauhan S. Diagnostic modalities of precancerous and cancerous cervical lesions with special emphasis on CD31 angiogenesis factor as a marker. Pathol Res Int. 2013;2013:243168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Bandopadhyay R, Orte C, Lawrenson JG, Reid AR, De Silva S, Allt G. Contractile proteins in pericytes at the blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers. J Neurocytol. 2001;30:35–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Deveza L, Choi J, Yang F. Therapeutic angiogenesis for treating cardiovascular diseases. Theranostics. 2012;2:801–14.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Li LX, Welser-Alves J, van der Flier A, Boroujerdi A, Hynes RO, Milner R. An angiogenic role for the α5β1 integrin in promoting endothelial cell proliferation during cerebral hypoxia. Exp Neurol. 2012;237:46–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Bonauer A, Carmona G, Iwasaki M, Mione M, Koyanagi M, Fischer A, et al. MicroRNA-92a controls angiogenesis and functional recovery of ischemic tissues in mice. Science. 2009;324:1710–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Carmeliet P, Jain RK. Molecular mechanisms and clinical applications of angiogenesis. Nature. 2011;473:298–307.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Saif J, Emanueli C. miRNAs in post-ischaemic angiogenesis and vascular remodelling. Biochem Soc Trans. 2014;42:1629–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Xu X, Shen L, Li W, Liu X, Yang P, Cai J. ITGA5 promotes tumor angiogenesis in cervical cancer. Cancer Med. 2023;12:11983–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Kan F, Wang D, Li S, Gao Y, Wang J. ITGA5 drives angiogenesis in diabetic retinopathy via TAK-1/NF-κB activation. Hum Cell. 2025;38:105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Lee WW, Marinelli B, van der Laan AM, Sena BF, Gorbatov R, Leuschner F, et al. PET/MRI of inflammation in myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:153–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Nahrendorf M, Swirski FK, Aikawa E, Stangenberg L, Wurdinger T, Figueiredo JL, et al. The healing myocardium sequentially mobilizes two monocyte subsets with divergent and complementary functions. J Exp Med. 2007;204:3037–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Kubota A, Frangogiannis NG. Macrophages in myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2022;323:C1304–c24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Yap J, Irei J, Lozano-Gerona J, Vanapruks S, Bishop T, Boisvert WA. Macrophages in cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2023;20:373–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Nasser MI, Zhu S, Huang H, Zhao M, Wang B, Ping H, et al. Macrophages: first guards in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Life Sci. 2020;250:117559.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Li TT, Zhong W, Li MQ, Shao ZL, Zhang GY, Wang WW, et al. TRIM26 deficiency enhancing liver regeneration through macrophage polarization and β-catenin pathway activation. Cell Death Dis. 2024;15:453.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Bustelo XR. Regulatory and signaling properties of the Vav family. Mol Cell Biol. 2000;20:1461–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Hilfenhaus G, Nguyen DP, Freshman J, Prajapati D, Ma F, Song D, et al. Vav3-induced cytoskeletal dynamics contribute to heterotypic properties of endothelial barriers. J Cell Biol. 2018;217:2813–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Toumaniantz G, Ferland-McCollough D, Cario-Toumaniantz C, Pacaud P, Loirand G. The Rho protein exchange factor vav3 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Cardiovasc Res. 2010;86:131–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Heasman SJ, Ridley AJ. Mammalian Rho GTPases: new insights into their functions from in vivo studies. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2008;9:690–701.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Hu GD, Chen YH, Zhang L, Tong WC, Cheng YX, Luo YL, et al. The generation of the endothelial specific Cdc42-deficient mice and the effect of Cdc42 deletion on the angiogenesis and embryonic development. Chin Med J. 2011;124:4155–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Lv J, Zeng J, Guo F, Li Y, Xu M, Cheng Y, et al. Endothelial Cdc42 deficiency impairs endothelial regeneration and vascular repair after inflammatory vascular injury. Respir Res. 2018;19:27.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Sun B, Ding B, Chen Y, Peng C, Chen X. AFAP1L1 promotes gastric cancer progression by interacting with Vav2 to facilitate Cdc42-mediated activation of ITGA5 signaling pathway. J Transl Med. 2023;21:18.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (G2024YFC3506700 and 2024YFC3506704); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U25A20597); the Shanghai Science and Technology Development Fund (Central-Local Guiding Program, YDZX20223100001004); and the Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Collaborative Guidance Project of Integrated Hospitals from the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission/Shanghai Municipal Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (ZXXT-202303).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China

    Ran Wang, Guo-qiang Lin, Fei-yun Wang, Yao Chen, Shou-jiao Peng & Jian-ge Zhang

Authors
  1. Ran Wang
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Guo-qiang Lin
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Fei-yun Wang
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yao Chen
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Shou-jiao Peng
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jian-ge Zhang
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

RW: Methodology, Investigation, Data Curation, Writing – Original Draft, and Writing – Review & Editing. GQL: Conceptualization and Supervision. FYW: Investigation and Data Curation. YC: Investigation and Data Curation. SJP: Conceptualization, Supervision, and Writing – Review & Editing. JGZ: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing, and Funding Acquisition.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Shou-jiao Peng or Jian-ge Zhang.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All procedures involving animals complied with the ethical standards of the institution where the studies were conducted. No research involving human participants was conducted.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, R., Lin, Gq., Wang, Fy. et al. Resibufogenin promotes angiogenesis via the VAV3-mediated ITGA5–VEGF signaling axis in macrophages to alleviate myocardial infarction. Acta Pharmacol Sin (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41401-026-01799-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Version of record:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41401-026-01799-5

Keywords

Search

Advanced search

Quick links