Table 1 Scopes of GHG emissions according to the Greenhouse Gas Protocol [10].

I

Direct GHG emissions

Emissions from the combustion of fuel in transport of dental products in vehicles owned or controlled by laboratories as well as natural gas combustion for heating

II

Indirect GHG emissions from energy production

Primarily emissions from the generation of electricity in power plants.

III

All other indirect emissions, including:

1→Staff travel

Emissions from the combustion of fuel in staff travel by vehicles not owned or controlled by laboratories. This also includes courier travel who deliver dental protheses from laboratories to clinics.

Public transportation, for instance buses and trains, have less CFP per passenger-kilometer than cars. Cycling or walking have the lowest CFP [44]

2→Waste

Consumption of energy for waste transportation from laboratories to incinerators or treatment facilities and the energy needed for incineration or deposition in a landfill.

Incineration has a higher CFP than deposition in a landfill, while recycling has the least CFP [45].

3→Water consumption

Consumption of energy for water acquisition, treatment, distributing, and sewage treatment

4→Procurement

Consumption of energy for the extraction of raw materials, manufacturing, packaging, processing, distribution to laboratories [46].

Equipment constitutes a significant portion of spending in dental laboratories. Depreciation is the process of allocating the cost of equipment over its expected useful life, thereby reflecting the consumption of its value as it is used [47]. Thus, calculating the CFP of the periodic depreciation of dental equipment should be considered [28].